<p>Cook Shire Hall is a heritage-listed community hall at Helen Street, Cooktown, Shire of Cook, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1907. It is also known as Cooktown Presbyterian Church, Oddfellows Hall, and Standen&#39;s Hall. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 8 April 1997.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This building was erected in 1907 for the Loyal Captain Cook Lodge of the North Queensland Branch of the Manchester Unity Independent Order of Oddfellows Friendly Society, and served as the Lodge&#39;s hall and meeting venue until at least 1936. It is understood to have been hired out for public entertainments during this period also. It replaced an earlier building constructed in 1890 as the Cooktown Presbyterian Church, which was destroyed in the January 1907 cyclone which devastated much of Cooktown.</p><br>
<p>Title to the site (Lot 122 on plan C1793), a 40 perch allotment in Helen Street on the ridge overlooking the Endeavour River estuary, was transferred in October 1889 to the trustees of the Cooktown Presbyterian Church, whose parish was established that year. Although alienated since 1875, the site appears to have been vacant at the time of transfer to the church trustees, who awarded a contract for the construction of Cooktowns first Presbyterian Church the following March. The building was completed within 5 months and dedicated on 3 August 1890. At this time, output from the Palmer goldfields was declining, and Cooktowns importance as the principal supply port to the interior diminished subsequently. The number of Presbyterian parishioners declined almost as soon as their church was completed, and on 2 October 1892 the charge was declared vacant. The building was used for occasional Presbyterian and Anglican services and by community groups such as the Liedertafel (choir singers) until title was transferred in June 1906 to The Trustees of the Loyal Captain Cook Lodge of the North Queensland Branch of the Manchester Unity Independent Order of Oddfellows Friendly Society. The Loyal Captain Cook Lodge was established in Cooktown in 1884, meeting in the Cooktown Town Hall. The Lodge acquired land in Charlotte Street in 1891, but never built on it, instead purchasing the former Presbyterian Church in 1906. Less than a year later the building was destroyed by a severe cyclone in January 1907, but was rebuilt immediately in its present form, apparently to much the same footprint as the original building. Physical evidence suggests some of the timbers from the first building, particularly uprights and verandah posts, were utilised in the second structure. Whether the 8" deep chamferboards date to 1890 or to 1907 has not been determined.</p><br>
<p>The Loyal Captain Cook Lodge continued to meet in the hall until at least 1936, when the property was sold to Charles Victor Standen, accountant and secretary of the Lodge from until his death in December 1938. The Standen family were very early residents of Cooktown and had a hardware and timber business in the town. It is likely the Lodge continued to meet in the hall after the sale to Standen, but this has not been verified. Title was transferred to CV Standen in February 1937, and following his death passed to his widow, who made Standens Hall available for public hire until it was acquired by Cook Shire Council in mid-1951, since which time the building has served as Cooktowns only Shire Hall. It is still used for public entertainment, including film screenings, and in effect is Cooktown&#39;s only cinema.</p><br>
<p>The adjacent allotment (Lot 123 on plan C1793) was never owned by the Presbyterian Church or by the Oddfellows. It was acquired by the Cook Shire Council in 1941, and although now part of the Shire Hall grounds, has not been included in the entry in the Queensland Heritage Register for Cook Shire Hall.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Cook Shire Hall is located in Helen Street on the crest of the ridge running south from Grassy Hill, above the main street of Cooktown. The hall, which has a simple rectangular floor plan, runs on an east- west axis on the site which slopes moderately down to Helen Street from the east. It is constructed entirely of timber and sits on timber stumps, with the western end approximately 1m above the ground. It has verandahs on three sides. A medium pitched gable roof sits above the line of the verandahs and is clad in corrugated iron. The gable ends and side walls above the verandah are clad in rusticated weatherboard (chamferboards).</p><br>
<p>The verandahs are infilled on the north and west sides with timber lattice above a close-boarded balustrade and with weatherboard on the east side. The western verandah is accessed by timber steps located in its centre, and northwest and southwest corners. Over the central stair is a small gable roof that accentuates the main entrance to the hall.</p><br>
<p>The walls are clad in timber that have a tongue and grove beaded profile inside and a rusticated profile (chamferboard) outside. They are fixed to exposed frames facing onto the verandahs.</p><br>
<p>A suspended ceiling has been installed which covers the original tongue and groove beaded ceiling. The original ceiling has a flat centre and follows the line of the roof frame at its edges.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Cook Shire Hall was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 8 April 1997 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Cook Shire Hall is significant historically for its close association with public entertainment in Cooktown since the first decade of the 20th century. It is Cooktowns only surviving public hall, and has been the venue for most of Cooktowns public entertainments and functions since its construction in 1907, nearly 90 years ago.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>As such, the place has a special association for the residents of Cooktown and the surrounding district as the venue for many memorable local public events, wedding celebrations and general entertainment.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place is also significant for its strong association with the work of the North Queensland Branch of the Manchester Unity International Order of Oddfellows Friendly Society in Cooktown, being the property and meeting place of the Loyal Captain Cook Lodge for at least three decades.</p><br>
<p>Güvercinada  is a peninsula in western Turkey connected to mainland Kuşadası of Aydın Province via a relatively narrow, manmade passage 350 m in length, despite the fact that it is referred to as, and was once, an island.</p><br>
<h2>Castle</h2><br>
<p>There is a castle on the island, which is situated across the bay of Kuşadası. The castle walls were built by İlyas Agha while the citadel&#39;s construction was commissioned by the Ottoman admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa (c. 1478– 1546). The outer walls were built in order to prevent an attack from the islands during the Greek Orlov Revolt (1770). The castle walls, 3 m in height, surround the island completely. The stone material used for the construction were brought form a quarry at Yılancıburnu. The castle gate is situated to eastern direction in the south of the castle, and is flanked by two towers. The northern tower has a pentagon form while the southern one is cylindric. The inscription over the castle gate is missing as known from its empty place. An inscription on the northern tower consists of four lines, and dates to 1242 AH (1826 AD).</p><br>
<p>Neetlingshof Estate is a wine estate in Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa. Established in 1692, it is one of the oldest wine estates in the country, founded only six or seven years after the first estate, Constantia. Its current bottling dates back to 1880.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Neethlingshof Wine Estate was founded in 1692 by the German settler Willem Barend Lubbe, on the Bottlery Hills. Lubbe named the estate “De Wolwedans” (‘The Dance of Wolves’), after the many jackals that lived in the hills at that time. Coming from Germany he thought these small creatures were wolves.</p><br>
<p>The name of the estate, Neetlingshof, comes from a former owner of the estate, and it still survives in the name of the restaurant of the estate, which is called Lord Neethling.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>During the early years of the new millennium, the vineyards were renewed, much replanting was done, and a new system of water management was created. Winemaker Philip Constandius saw at the time “a huge potential for shiraz”, and he also said that pinotage showed more of its pinot noir characteristics here. A pinotage-malbec blend was envisioned at the time.</p><br>
<p>In 2002, the estate had two ranges, the Lord Neethling range, with three wines, all of which received at least four stars in the John Platter South African Wines 2003, and the Standard range, some of which also received four stars and even included a Gewürtztraminer, and a Weisser Riesling Noble Late Harvest, with botrytis enrichment, which was said to have received multiple awards.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, De Wet Viljoen was the winemaker along with Lauren Snyman. Viljoen started in this job in 2003, and Snyman in 2006. The replanting programme was half completed and expected to be finished by 2011, “already earning dividends”. The Weisser Riesling Noble Late Harvest was by now elevated to the Lord Neethling range, and earning the same 4 ½ stars as in 2002.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, Viljoen shared winemaking duties with Lauren Snyman. The Platter wine guide lauded the estate for keeping their Gewürtztraminer and Riesling vines, which in a dryland vineyard were said to be “valuable assets”. The top wine range had now been renamed the Short Story collection, and the Noble Late Harvest wine, now renamed Maria, had been upgraded to this top range. Maria is named after Maria Magdalena Marais, the resourceful and feisty young widow who took over the building of the Neethlingshof estate’s manor house after the death of her husband, Charles, in 1813.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation programme and reintroduction of spotted eagle-owls</h2><br>
<p>The post-democracy era meant a boom for the wine industry in South Africa. Estates were enlarged, and production was going up. But this was bad for the biodiversity of the area, and at Neetlingshof a biodiversity and conservation programme was developed by master viticulturist, Prof. Eben Archer, who was commissioned to re-plan and replant nearly all of the vineyards on the Neetlingshof estate.</p><br>
<p>A better balance between planted areas and natural veld was sought after, and 116 ha or 42% of the farm has been set aside for conservation. In reconfiguring the lay-out of the farm, Prof. Archer allowed for islands of indigenous vegetation between the new vineyard blocks connected by corridors.</p><br>
<p>This had some unforeseen consequences. These interconnected “islands” would create an explosion in the number of mice foraging on the root systems of the vines. To resolve the situation, natural predators in the form of spotted eagle-owls were introduced. Vantage posts were erected in all the vineyards on which owls could perch while hunting at night. Given the abundance of food, owls soon established themselves in numbers in densely wooded areas on the farm.</p><br>
<p>As a result of the environmentally friendly farming practices, the number of beneficial insects also started to multiply. To control their numbers, helmeted guineafowl, for which they are a natural food source, were introduced. Their presence in turn attracted caracal from the hills of the adjoining conservancy. First spotted in 2008, they have moved into undisturbed wooded areas on the farm where they found safe breeding areas.</p><br>
<p>By 2011, the programme has now largely fallen to winemaker De Wet Viljoen to oversee and execute, but the programme had expanded as six other wineries, Alto, Lomond, Plaisir de Merle, Jacobsdal, Theuniskraal, and Uitkyk also joined the conservation programme.</p><br>
<p>The programme is also visible in the names of the wines of Neetlingshof. The flagship wine is now called The Owl Post, and it is made exclusively from pinotage. It earned four stars in the 2012 edition of Platter’s South African Wines. Another wine in the Short Story Collection is also named after a local animal, as it is called The Caracal. It earned 4 ½ stars in the Platter’s guide in 2012. It is a Bordeaux blend.</p><br>
<p>The Demirköy Foundry  is a historic foundry ruin of archaeological importance located at Demirköy in Kırklareli Province, northwestern Turkey.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The archaeological site is situated 3.8 km southeast of the district seat Demirköy. An iron metalworking center was established at this location in the 15th century during the Ottoman Empire due to the rich iron ore deposits in the region. The site is deep in the Strandzha forests, about 20 km far from the Black Sea coast and 25 km to the Bulgarian-Turkish border.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It is known that the cannonballs fired during the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II (Fatih Sultan Mehmet, Mehmed the Conqueror) were manufactured here. The facility is also called today by the local people as Fatih Foundry (the "Conqueror&#39;s Foundry"). Demirköy means literally "Ironville". Iron casting continued in the foundry from the mid-15th century until the late 19th century. It appears that the foundry underwent a thoroughgoing renovation during the Mahmud II (1808–1839) period. The foundry was then subordinated to the administration of Imperial Cannon Factory (Tophane-i Amire) in Istanbul, which was established in 1839. According to the Ottoman documents, its historic name was "Samakocuk Dökümhane-i Amiresi" (literally: Samakocuk İmperial Foundry).</p><br>
<p>According to a 1923-published report of the government doctor in Kırklareli, the foundry was destroyed by the invading Russian troops during the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78). In 1913, the state-owned foundry was leased to a British company for a period of 99 years, but in 1916 the lease was annulled due to the circumstances of World War I. After World War I, the foundry was abandoned; its structure, however, remained intact until the 1950s. The metal parts of the foundry were sold to scrappers by the National Estate Authority (Milli Emlak) in 1947.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological findings</h2><br>
<p>The Kırklareli Museum identified and registered the remains of the Ottoman foundry as an archaeological conservation area in September 1991. In May 2002, a research project was initiated on the iron mining and metalworking in the area. Archival investigations, surface surveys and archaeological excavations at the partly preserved site, which covers a total area of 9,395 m&sup2, began in the summer of 2003.</p><br>
<p>Important finds of industrial archaeology, unearthed in 2005 at a site 230 - far from the original site, revealed the existence of another metalworking workshop with two melting furnaces. The workshop was 20 x in dimension and consisted of two sections with a central entrance. While the eastern wing furnace was identified as a blast furnace for iron production showing advanced technology of the 17th century, the west-wing furnace was used for copper smelting. According to 19th-century Ottoman documents, copper production was the second major activity following iron metalworking in the foundries of Demirköy-Samakocuk. Copper was used for copper alloy to make molds for casting cannonballs.</p><br>
<p>The units of the main foundry complex, which was built in a square-plan on a hillside, are situated on two ground levels of 10 m difference in elevation. The upper section was fortified by 1.10 m-thick and 4 m-high surrounding stone walls with polygon-formed bastions on the corners. The main gate in the north opened to the courtyard at this upper terrace, which contains living and service spaces, a partly-preserved Ottoman hammam and a mosque. The quarters of the foundry workers for living and sleeping were placed along the walls in the north, west and east. In the southwest of the courtyard, the basement walls of the foundry mosque is situated with a brick minaret erected on stone base next to it.</p><br>
<p>Foundry&#39;s production units were on the lower-level terrace south of the fortified courtyard. During the excavations in 2008, an iron workshop with two melting furnaces was unearthed southeast of the courtyard. While the archaeological excavations in the upper ground level are completed, research in the lower ground level is ongoing.</p><br>
<p>In order to achieve high temperature needed in the melting fırnaces, bellows were utilized, which were worked up by a water wheel. It is believed that the power was transmitted from the water wheel to the bellows by a horizontal shaft. An open-deck canal northeast of the foundry provided water supply from a creek. The canal reaches the iron-made water wheel in the lower ground level after entering the facility under the eastern fortification wall in a brick vault-like tunnel, and running southwards under the courtyard. This main canal has branches within the facility, and serves also the workshop far outside. During the excavations, iron parts and one of the bases belonging to the water wheel were found.</p><br>
<p>Archaeologists discovered around the foundry the existence of a historic underground mine adit and metallurgy pits beside ruins of melting furnaces, slag heap deposits and charcoal piles. Scientific research revealed that processing of cast iron and ferroalloy was done here.</p><br>
<p>Unearthed archaeological artifacts include molds for round shot, cannonballs of various size, nails of various length, iron powder, ashes, furnace blowpipes, samples of domestic and imported fire bricks, parts of agricultural equipment, porcelain kitchenware and household tools manufactured in later years.</p><br>
<p>According to Ottoman documents of the 18th and 19th century, the semi-finished products of the foundry were sent to "Tophane-i Amire" (Imperial Cannon Factory) and "Tersane-i Amire" (Imperial Shipyard) in Istanbul from the port of İğneada on the Black Sea coast.</p><br>
<p>It is projected that the foundry will be transformed into an open-air museum for industrial archaeology after completion of the archaeological works, currently carried out by 35 archaeologists from several Turkish universities under the supervision of Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University. The foundry moaque building will be redeveloped as an industry museum for traditional iron production techniques.</p><br>
<p>Store Dyrehave  is a forest immediately south of Hillerød, on both sides of Københavnsvej, in North Zealand, Denmark. Consisting of conifers and beech, it was enclosed with stone walls in 1619–28 as a royal deer park for hunting. In 1680, Christian V introduced a geometrical system of roads forming a star with eight branches for par force hunting. Store Dyrehave is one of the three forests forming the Par force hunting landscape in North Zealand, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Store Dyrehave has an almost quadratic shape. Præstevang, an area on the northwestern side of the forest, is bounded by the town of Hillerød on three sides. The small town of Ny Hammersholt and Hillerød Golf Club are located on the southwest side while the northeastern margin of the forest is bounded by the Istedrødvej motorway. To the southeast is the small village of Kirkelte in Allerød Municipality. Its open surroundings, which were protected in 1972, partly separate Store Dyrehave from Tokkekøb Hegn. Kongevejen, a former royal road that is now part of secondary route 201, passes through the forest close to its southwestern margin, linking Hillerød with Copenhagen through the towns of Blovstrød, Birkerød and Kongens Lyngby.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first enclosed deer park for hunting at Christian IVs new Frederiksborg Castle was Lille Dyrehave (Small Deer Park) immediately to the north of the castle (now the Romantic landscape section of the castles park). Store Dyrehave, south of the castle, was enclosed with stone walls in 1619–28. In 1680, Christian V introduced a French-inspired geometrical system of roads forming a star with eight branches for par force hunting. Par force hunting took place in the forest until 1777.</p><br>
<p>In the 18th century, the forest was used for breeding Frederiksborg horses by the Royal Frederiksborg Stud. The horses were separated in groups according to colour. Each group consisted of 15-20 mares and one stallion. The blue-couloured horses were kept in Store Dyrehave while the grey ones grazed in Præstevang.</p><br>
<p>In 1859, Frederick VII created a small Romantic garden complex in Præstevangen in the northwestern part of the forest, which he named Fantasiens Ø (Isle of Fantasy). It is located on a small island created by digging a canal across a peninsula, in the Brededam Lake and originally included a small pavilion and a kitchen annexe. The garden fell into neglect after Frederick VII&#39;s death, the kitchen was pulled down in 1905 and the pavilion removed in 1969, but a few ruins remain.</p><br>
<p>As a part of the Par force hunting landscape in North Zealand, Store Dyrehave was inscribed on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Site on 4 July 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>Store Dyrehave comprises 1,230 hectare of forest, 18.8 hectares of lakes and ponds, 40.8 hectares of marshland, 21.6 hectares of plains and 9.8 hectares of meadows. Deciduous trees dominate the periphery of the forest, with beech as the most common species, covering 414.8 hectares, while oak trees cover 132 hectares and other deciduous trees cover 120 hectares. Mainly found in the central part of the forest, evergreens cover approximately 364 hectares of which Picea species account for 227 hectares. The share of deciduous forest will gradually be increased.</p><br>
<p>Maltemosen, in the northern part of the forest, is a poor fen. Typical flora include cotton-grass and wild calla as well as the carnivorous sundew and greater bladderwort. Rågårdsmosen and Sortedam on the southwest side of Kongevejeb close to Ny Hammersholt, are peat bogs.</p><br>
<p>Store Dyrehave is home to both roe deer and fallow deer, while red deer&mdash;which used to be the focus of attention during the royal hunts&mdash;are no longer found in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Historic features</h2><br>
<p>Although par force hunting was discontinued in 1777 by prohibition, the road system and numbered stone posts remain fully intact. Kongestenen (The Kings Stone), a stone featuring Christian Vs monogram and a compass rose, is located at Stjernen (The Star), an 8-way junction in the centre of the forest. The eight radial roads intersect a series of smaller paths called Etkorset (The One-Cross), Tokorset (The Two-Cross), Trekorset (The Three-Cross), etc.</p><br>
<p>The ruins after the pavilion and remains of the vegetation can still be seen on Fantasiens Ø. The forest also contains a number of old houses, so-called banghuse, which were originally used by the men who took care of the horses. They include Hingsterhus and Horsebohus.</p><br>
<h2>Activities</h2><br>
<p>Store Dyrehave contains various facilities for camping and bonfires. There are also a 20 km mountain bike trail, an exercise trail and marked running routes (6, 10 and 20 km).</p><br>
<p>The Libby-MacArthur House is a historic house at 294 Sokokis Avenue  in the center of Limington, Maine. Believed to have been built about 1794, it is the only surviving house of one of the town&#39;s earliest permanent residents, and is a rare example in the state of a Federal period house with a gambrel roof. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Libby-MacArthur House is located on the north side of Sokokis Avenue, just west of the junction with Cape Road (Maine State Route 117) that defines the center of Limington. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, five bays wide, with a gambrel roof, central chimney, and narrow clapboard siding. The main facade, facing south, is symmetrically arranged, with its center entrance set in a Greek Revival vestibule with gable roof. The Federal period entrance surround has been retained inside the vestibule, with sidelight and transom windows. A long two-story ell extends northward from the rear of the house, connecting the house to a c. 1872 barn. The ell continues the Federal period styling found inside the main block, suggesting it was an early addition.</p><br>
<p>The town of Limington was first settled in the 1770s. The 100 acre parcel at the northwest corner of what is now the towns central intersection was sold by Samuel Small to his daughter Martha and her husband, Philemon Libby, in 1777. Local historians place this houses construction by the Libbys around 1794; they probably lived in a cruder log structure prior to its construction. The house is rare for its gambrel roof, a form typically seen on coastal houses of the Georgian period which had fallen out of fashion by the time this house was built. Their son Abner sold the property in 1836 to Arthur MacArthur, who practiced law in a small law office he built on the property. The house remained in the hands of MacArthur descendants into the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Cannon Club, also known as Cannon Dial Elm Club, is one of the historic Eating Clubs at Princeton University. Founded in 1895, it completed its current clubhouse in 1910. The club closed in the early 1970s and later merged with Dial Lodge and Elm Club to form Dial, Elm, Cannon , which closed its doors in 1998. In 2011 DEC reopened, now bearing the name Cannon Dial Elm Club, using its historic clubhouse, which had served as the home for the Office of Population Research during the club&#39;s hiatus.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Founding</h3><br>
<p>The Eating Clubs play a central role in the history and life of Princeton University, serving as the primary place of dining and social life for more than 70% of upperclassmen. Cannon Club was founded in 1895 and housed in a small house on William Street that had been home to Tiger Inn for the previous two years. From 1896-99 it was located in the "Incubator" a small house, at that time on Olden Street, that served as an early home to many of the Eating Clubs as they established themselves and sought to build clubhouses. In 1899, Cannon Club purchased the Osborn House that stood on the south side of Prospect Avenue, between the McCosh and West residences. That home fell into disrepair by 1908 and Edgar Viguers Seeler, a prominent Philadelphia architect, was commissioned to build a new clubhouse. That Collegiate Gothic clubhouse, completed in 1910, was the first of the clubs to make use of local stone. While the facade has been described as plain in comparison with other clubs, the rear elevation and interiors have been praised, with the two-story living room considered one of the finest interior spaces found on Prospect. The eponymous cannon sits in front of the clubhouse, pointed at Prospect Avenue. President-elect Woodrow Wilson, on a last stroll before departing for Washington, commented to reporters: "Hardly a chummy entrance that!"</p><br>
<h3>Demise</h3><br>
<p>The club was famous for its debauchery, gaining a reputation as the Animal House of the university. One story from 1966 relates a nighttime coed nude volleyball game during Houseparties, the annual Princeton formal dance, though the clubs own history disputes that it was coed. In the late 1960s the club gained a reputation for destructive behavior, including the destruction of a wall in neighboring Campus Club with sledgehammers, and the laceration of an artery of club president Michael Ryan while being passed down the stairs. The club also became known for racial prejudice. In May 1969, a group of Cannon Club members threatened several African-American students with knives, chains, and brass knuckles, leading to the expulsion of one club member and suspension of another. The same year, an instructors pregnant wife was accosted and held off the ground while three club members gunned beers at her. The notoriety led to a fall in membership, ultimately precipitating the closure of the club in the early 1970s. The property came into the possession of the University, which spent 3/4 of a million dollars on renovations and deferred maintenance to turn the clubhouse into an academic building, Notestein Hall, which housed the Office of Population Research for over 30 years.</p><br>
<h3>Reopening</h3><br>
<p>Despite the closure of the club, Cannon Club continued as a graduate board determined to continue the club&#39;s traditions and see it one day reopened. In 1989, Cannon merged with the financially imperiled Dial Lodge, and the combined entity was joined by Elm Club the following year. The stated goal of the new Dial Elm Cannon Club (DEC) was to exchange the Dial and Elm clubhouses for the old Cannon Club. In 1997, an agreement was reached to exchange Dial and Elm for the Cannon clubhouse and $2 million. The club was unable to reopen Cannon at that time but retained the option to purchase the building. This led to the second demise of the club with periodic claims that Cannon would reopen, a feat accomplished in 2011.</p><br>
<p>The Everel S. Smith House is located on the northeast corner of West Jefferson Street and Clyborn Avenue in a residential area and is set well back from the streets it fronts. The yard is landscaped with four large maples and one medium size tulip tree equally spaced along the road.</p><br>
<p>There is an enclosed garden with patio (6 1 high, woven cypress fence, 32 X 32) on the west side beginning at the back of the bay and extending north and west. The house faces south and is of two story, red brick construction with ivory painted wood trim. Its design is Italianate with a single story wing on the north (rear) side. There is a hip roof on the main section capped by a widow&#39;s walk with a wrought iron fence around its perimeter. A gable is centered on a short extension of the center, front wall which has a limestone block with beveled corners set in its center above the second story windows that is inscribed with the date 1879. There is a black, cast, spread eagle below the inscribed stone.</p><br>
<h2>Exterior</h2><br>
<p>The foundations and exterior walls are of three and four course brick. The large, open porch is on the front. The deck is supported by brick piers with a centrally located concrete stoop and steps with wrought iron railings. The porch has a flat roof supported by six square, beveledged wood columns. Carved wooden, scrolled knee braces support a roof overhang. Spaces between the porch&#39;s supporting piers below are closed with wood lattice work.</p><br>
<p>The main entrance is centrally located in a section of the front wall which extends about two feet out from the main wall. This extension rises to firm the gable above the second floor, mentioned earlier. The entrance consists of solid, wood paneled, double doors with limestone threshold and glazed transom capped by an arched, limestone label lintel.</p><br>
<p>The windows have limestone sills and limestone label lintels. Windows, except those in the bays and basement, have wood storm windows with mullion set on limestone sill with top radius set in brick header, arched lintel.</p><br>
<p>The second floor front is a duplication of the first floor but with two side by side windows in the center.</p><br>
<p>East elevation consists of 9 bays near the front and side by side windows near the rear. Both the east and west elevations have one story, semi-hexagonal bays a fourth of the way from the front. A cornice with brackets and flat roof completes the bay. Paired windows stand to the north of the bay. The second story has side by side windows over the bay and a single window above the paired windows. West elevation of the main section is a duplication of the east except there is but one window on the first floor nearer the rear. There is a wide wood frieze with center and top mouldings on the main section and wood soffit on the roof overhang with moulded wood eaves. There is one brick chimney which is located at the center of the exterior north wall of the main section. Its flue is built into this wall and originates in the basement.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>The front door opens into a small vestibule with doors set in angled walls. These rooms have a north-south partition with a large, arched doorway with three doors. Two are hinged together allowing opening the doorway to its full width. Behind the parlors are a library/den on the west side and a dining room on the east side. On the left side of the opening is the foot of a stairway, open on the dining room side, which ascends to a second floor landing.</p><br>
<p>The stairs are carved wood with rectangular newel post. It has a turned balustrade, and moulded, wood rail. The north side of the dining room has three doorways with cafe doors to the kitchen on the west. The center door is to a bathroom and the door on the east side accesses the sun porch. In the library/den there is a doorway to the kitchen at the east end. Other than the library/den most of the woodwork is painted with dark mahogany and/or light oak grain. Doors have white porcelain knobs and keyhole trims.</p><br>
<p>There is no fireplace in the building. All windows including the bays have wood paneling. Ceiling height throughout the main section on both floors is ten feet.</p><br>
<p>Exterior walls in main section and wing are plaster on brick and the partitions and ceilings are plaster on wood lath on frame</p><br>
<p>construction. Wall finishes are paint and wallpaper and floors and stairs are carpet.</p><br>
<p>The rear wing contains a kitchen with a seven-foot, six inch ceiling and a full bath. A hallway north of the bathroom leads to an exterior door to the sun porch on the east, and at that point another doorway in the north partition leads to a laundry room. The laundry gives access to a stairway leading to a large, floored attic through a trapdoor the length of the stairwell. In the northwest corner of the kitchen there are three stairs down to a landing which abuts exterior, double doors to the garden/patio. The sewing/all-purpose room is built on grade with a nine-foot false beam ceiling, has an exterior entrance on the west and a door to the garage in center of the exterior, north wall.</p><br>
<h2>Alterations</h2><br>
<p>The building originally had three chimneys (two removed). Rain gutters were built in the roof eaves with external downspouts connected to a cistern under the kitchen wing. There was an entrance to a carriage storage room on the north end, west side of the wing (present grade entrance to wing.) Roofs were wood shake shingles.</p><br>
<p>In the interior, the stairway to the second floor was closed with a door at its foot and an adjoining door to the east between west parlor and dining room.</p><br>
<p>The Pinhook Methodist Church and Cemetery are located in New Durham Township, LaPorte County, Indiana at Wozniak Road with State Road 2. Known as the village of Pinhook, formerly New Durham. The village is mostly residential along the south side of State Road 2. The site includes the Pinhook Methodist Church , the Pinhook Cemetery , the cemetery storage shed , and the old pump .</p><br>
<h2>Methodist Church</h2><br>
<p>The frame church building constructed as a one-room, single story clapboard structure in a simple Greek Revival style in 1847. An early vestibule addition was constructed on the front of the building, ca. 1880, inset from the main building facade. The building sits on an orange/red brick foundation rising about 2 ft above grade. The roof has wood shingles. A brick chimney extends from the ridge of the roof near the front of the main building. The building siding and trim is painted white with dark green windows, shutters and front door.</p><br>
<p>The front (south) facade is symmetrically with the vestibule projecting from the main building. Above the front door is a wood sign with the name of the church and year of construction. The corner boards on the main building, in keeping with the Greek-Revival style however, terminate at the horizontal entablature wrapping around from the east and west facades, with decorative trim making the appearance of a pilaster cap. The frieze board of the gable then extends up the face of the gable from this horizontal detail. A cove trim piece is located at the juncture of the frieze board and wood soffit of the eave.</p><br>
<h2>Pinhook Cemetery</h2><br>
<p>The Pinhook Cemetery, established in 1850, is divided into four sections with a single gravel road entering off of State Road 2 near the intersection of Wozniak Road and exiting onto Wozniak Road on its east boundary. It is bordered by State Road 2 on the south, Wozniak Road on the east, and agricultural tilled lands on the north and west. The church is located in its southwest corner. State Road 2 forms a gentle curve northward from the west edge of the cemetery to Wozniak Road. The cemetery is fenced on the east side, and partially on the south side, by a white vinyl picket fence. Newer brick piers flank the entrance and exit. Several mature deciduous and cedar trees are located in the cemetery.</p><br>
<h2>Cemetery Storage Shed</h2><br>
<p>The storage shed is a ca. 1900 small frame building, approximately eight feet wide by twelve feet deep, facing east with a single vertical wood plank door in the center and simple straight stock wood casings on the east facade. The building rests on a concrete block foundation, having been relocated to this site from the center of the cemetery near the pump. The shed is covered with narrow wood clapboard siding and wood corner boards. A single four-pane fixed wood window is located on the north and south facades also with simple straight stock casings; there are no openings on the west facade. The building has a gable roof, with the gable facing east, made of asphalt shingles. There is a vent pipe on the north half of the roof. The shed is in good condition.</p><br>
<h2>Pump</h2><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>Alt, Julie. Pinhook Church Historical Research Notes and Recollections. Unpublished manuscript, collection of Julie Alt.</p><br>
<p>Cannon, Thomas Harvey. The History of Lake and Calumet Region of Indiana. Vol. 1. Indianapolis: Historian&#39;s Association, 1927</p><br>
<p>History of LaPorte County. Indiana. Chicago: Charles C. Chapman & Co., 1880.</p><br>
<p>Indiana Historic Sites and Structures Inventory. LaPorte County Interim Report. LaPorte, IN:Office of Community Planning and Development, 2002.</p><br>
<p>Packard, Jasper. History of LaPorte County. Indiana, and its Townships. Towns, and Cities. LaPorte, IN: S.E. Taylor & Co., 1876.</p><br>
<p>Taylor, Robert M. et al. Indiana. A New Historical Guide. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1989</p><br>
<p>Pinhook Methodist LaPorte County Indiana PC300078.jpgPinhook Methodist Church - winter</p><br>
<p>Vijaygarh Fort  is a ruined fort located 30 km from Robertsganj in south east direction in Mau Kalan village on Robertsganj-Churk road, in the Sonbhadra district, Uttar Pradesh India.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Vijaygarh Fort was built by the famous king Banasur, in the time of Mahabharat and was renovated by Maharaja Vijay Pal in 1040. Vijay Pal was a great Jadon Rajput King. Last ruler of Vijargarh Fort was Raja Chait Singh of Benares. He ruled until British reached this point. The fort is considered to be mesmeric and another fort is said to be hidden under it. This is the fort of Princess Chandrakanta. Near the main gateway of the fort there is a tomb, which is said to be that of Saiyyed Jain-ul-Abdin Meer Sahib popularly known as Hazrat Meeran Shah Baba. There are two tanks known as Mira Sagar and Ram Sagar near the tomb which are never dry.</p><br>
<h2>Attractions</h2><br>
<p>Vijaygarh Fort contains several old temples and red stone pillars bearing inscriptions of Vishnuverdhan feudatory of Samudragupta. The fort is famous for its rock inscriptions, cave paintings, many statues and its perennial ponds. There are four ponds inside the premises of the fort which never dry. More than half the area of Vijargarh is covered by the steep and rugged hills of the Kaimur Range. Between the two tanks there was a palace known as Rang Mahal (Hindi:रंग महल) which had artistic rock carvings and assumed as palace of Princess Chandrakanta.</p><br>
<p>There is a fair (Urs) organized every April, and people from different religions and sects attend.</p><br>
<p>Vijaygarh fort has both historical and archaeological importance. The fort and Princess Chandrakanta were pertinently described in the novel Chandrakanta by Babu Devkinandan Khatri.</p><br>
<p>In the Hindu month of Shravana, Kanvarias collect water from Ram Sagar and then start their holy journey to the Shivdwar.</p><br>
<p>The Pinnau is a 41 km long river, which flows right or northeast of the main river, Elbe. The Pinnau is therefore a tributary in the southern part of Schleswig-Holstein. The Pinnau is categorized by German Bund/Länder-Arbeitsgemeinschaft Wasser  by "flow type" as a "marshland water body".</p><br>
<h2>Route</h2><br>
<p>The Pinnau has its source in the town of Henstedt-Ulzburg, then flows southwest, in Pinneberg to the west and ends in the municipality of Haselau in the Elbe, which streams in northwestern direction.</p><br>
<h3>Hydrology</h3><br>
<p>The Pinnau is very much tide dependent and strongly influenced by tidal range.</p><br>
<h3>Tributary rivers</h3><br>
<p>*Krambek, first tributary river of the Pinnau</p><br>
<p>*Bilsener Bek, second tributary from the right side</p><br>
<p>*Ebach, flows from left side into the river in the town of Ellerau</p><br>
<p>*Gronau, flows from left side into the river between Ellerau and Quickborn</p><br>
<p>*Riedbach, flows into the river from the right in Pinneberg</p><br>
<p>*Mühlenau, flows in from left side in Pinneberg</p><br>
<p>*Appener Au (Beek), flows in from left side in Appen</p><br>
<p>*Bilsbek, flows into the river from the right between Prisdorf and Tornesch</p><br>
<p>*Ohrtbrookgraben, flows into the river from the right between Tornesch und Uetersen</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Pinnau was called in earlier times Ütristina or in later times Aue to Ueterst.</p><br>
<h3>Federal Water Street</h3><br>
<p>The Pinnau is a federal waterway within the remit of Waterways and Shipping Office Hamburg from the south-western edge of the railway bridge in Pinneberg to the mouth of the Elbe Page Sander addition with 18.81 km, at Elbe - km 658.99. It is one of the inland waterways, on which the Maritime Traffic Regulations applies.</p><br>
<p>Duropolis is the name of an archaeological site at Winterborne Kingston in the English county of Dorset, believed to be the remains of the first planned town in Britain. The site&#39;s first discoveries were made in 2008 led by co-directors Miles Russell and Paul Cheetham. The 32,000 m&sup2; Iron Age settlement is believed to date to around 100 BCE, making it 70 years older than the Roman town of Silchester.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>The site has been named by archaeologists after the Iron Age Durotriges tribe. Its settlement may have been associated with the abandonment of nearby Maiden Castle in the 1st century BCE.</p><br>
<h2>Discovery</h2><br>
<p>Found in July 2015 by students from Bournemouth University as part of the Durotriges Big Dig project, the remains of 16 Iron Age roundhouses have been excavated while geophysical survey shows a total of at least 150 roundhouses and other features in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Animal burials</h2><br>
<p>A number of animal skeletons discovered at the site suggest that the Iron Age Celtic population may have believed in hybrid-animal monster myths akin to those of the Mesopotamians, Ancient Greeks and Egyptians. The bone finds, which appear to have been deliberately arranged, include a two-headed hybrid with a sheeps skull at the front and a bulls at the rear along with a horse with a cow&#39;s horn sticking into its forehead.</p><br>
<p>Deception Bay Sea Baths are heritage-listed swimming pools at Captain Cook Parade, Deception Bay, Moreton Bay Region, Queensland, Australia. They were built around the 1880s and 1890s by Joseph Bancroft. It is also known as Bancroft Sea Baths. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 July 2006.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Deception Bay Sea Baths are two rectangular excavations in sandstone formations on the Deception Bay foreshore. The Fisheries Bath, measuring 4.3x2.7 m is located in the inter-tidal zone about 20m east of the Department of Primary Industries Southern Fisheries Centre. The Boardwalk Bath measuring 3x1.8 m, is situated adjacent to the foreshore boardwalk near the intersection of Captain Cook Parade and Seymour Street. The baths were probably built by Joseph Bancroft in the 1880s or 1890s.</p><br>
<p>Closer settlement of Deception Bay commenced with the opening of the Redcliffe Agricultural Reserve for selection in March 1861. Prior to this, the area had formed part of pastoral runs. Selection of allotments at Deception Bay was slow. Access to the area was difficult because the roads were very poor and the bay was too shallow for navigation by large vessels. Moreover, much of the land was sandy and unsuitable for agriculture. Many of the first selectors soon abandoned their land. Joseph Bancroft was one of the early landholders who retained ownership and gradually expanded his holdings at Deception Bay.</p><br>
<p>Born and educated in England, Joseph had migrated to Queensland in 1864 and practised as a medical doctor in Brisbane. However, he and his son Thomas had an interest in science beyond medicine and became prominent figures within Queenslands broader scientific community. Joseph is recognised as a founder of medical research in Australia and the Bancroft Centre of the Queensland Institute of Medical Research is named in his honour. Joseph was president of many early scientific and medical organisations in Queensland including the Queensland Philosophical Society, the Medical Board, the Hygiene and Public Health section of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science and the Queensland branch of the British Medical Association, which later founded a Bancroft memorial lecture and medal in his honour. He made significant contributions to the field of agricultural entomology and plant pathology and together with Thomas, made outstanding contributions to the field of parasitology. Both men were avid naturalists who discovered many new species of fauna and flora. Thirteen Australian native trees and plants bear their name. They were internationally recognised for Josephs discovery of the Wucheria Bancrofti parasitic worm that is responsible for causing elephantiasis and Thomas&#39;s discovery that the parasite was transmitted by the Aedes Aegypi mosquito. Much of their research was carried out at their Deception Bay property.</p><br>
<p>Joseph had property at Deception Bay by the early 1880s and by 1890, owned 1,500 hectare. He lived at Wickham Terrace and visited his Deception Bay property with his family on weekends and holidays. At the bay, he pastured cattle, established a dried beef factory and experimented with rice crops and artificially cultivating pearls. He also used the property as a research station supporting his studies of botany and zoology.</p><br>
<p>The dried beef factory became profitable after Josephs death in 1894 when the British War Office placed an order for the Bancrofts dried beef as a supplement to their emergency rations. Thomas moved to the bay with his new wife Cecilia and assumed management of the business. While living there, Thomas also carried out scientific research. It was there that he discovered how the Wucheria bancrofti was transmitted by mosquitoes. In 1904, after the dried beef factory ceased to be profitable, Thomas moved to Alderley in Brisbane and the factory was dismantled.</p><br>
<p>The Bancroft family believe that Joseph constructed the baths. Bancroft family members state that Joseph&#39;s wife, Ann, suffered with a chronic illness and that Joseph had the Boardwalk Bath shaped for her from natural tidal pools because she found that sea bathing helped her condition. This conclusion is supported by the relatively small size of the bath.</p><br>
<p>The Bancrofts may have used the Fisheries Bath, a larger structure, for recreational purposes. Low tide at Deception Bay leaves a broad expanse of mud that needs to be traversed in order to reach the water from the shore. The memoirs of C. Hamilton who, as a child, visited the property when the Bancrofts owned it, indicate that the bath was excavated so that Joseph could bathe when the tide was out. A photograph sourced from family members provides additional evidence that the Fisheries Bath existed when the Bancrofts lived at the bay. The photograph shows a woman believed by family members to be Joseph&#39;s half sister standing with her son next to the Bath. The family believe that the photograph dates to the late 19th Century.</p><br>
<p>The Bancrofts&#39; use of the sea baths for therapeutic and recreational uses is consistent with emerging notions about the seaside in the 19th Century. The western perception of the seaside as a place for recreation emerged between the late 18th and mid 19th Centuries. Bathing in the sea was also promoted for its health benefits and a new field of research and experimentation emerged around the therapeutic uses of the seaside. Especially near urban areas, people resorted to the seaside to escape the ills of increasingly industrialised urban living. Typically, netted enclosures and tidal baths were constructed to provide contained and safe swimming areas.</p><br>
<p>A number of artificial rock pools, dating to the late 19th Century and early 20th Century, exist in New South Wales, generally of a larger scale than the Deception Bay pools. Like the Deception Bay pools, they are formed by enhancing natural rock formations by excavation and the use of artificial walls. The Deception Bay tidal baths are believed to be the only surviving 19th Century baths of their type in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>A number of the Bancroft holdings were bought from Thomas by the Dunne brothers in the early 1900s. They pastured a dairy herd, grew some crops and established oyster leases along the foreshore. The sides of the Fisheries Bath show the remains of oysters and this suggests that the bath was used by the Dunne brothers to cultivate the shellfish.</p><br>
<p>The baths have been excavated a number of times. Due to their location within the inter-tidal zone, they fill with silt soon after excavation. In November 2004, an archaeological survey of the baths was completed in which each bath was recorded and analysed in detail.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<h3>Boardwalk Bath</h3><br>
<p>This bath is situated within an irregular shaped sandstone formation with a maximum length of 10m and width of 5m. The formation rises to a height of about 1m above the sand. On the landward side of the formation is an elevated timber boardwalk and on the seaward side is an extensive stand of mangroves.</p><br>
<p>The bath is a rectangular shape cut into the sandstone formation, 3m in length and 1.8m wide. The floor of the bath is covered with a thin layer of cement rendering. Tool marks indicate the use of hand tools to excavate the bath.</p><br>
<p>The northern end of the bath comprises natural sandstone and a small brick wall. This wall has a height of 365mm (five courses of brick) and a width of 520mm. At the base of the brick wall is a small drainpipe with an internal diameter of 50mm. The internal side of the brick wall is formed into three steps.</p><br>
<h3>Fisheries Bath</h3><br>
<p>The bath is a rectangular shape 4.3m long and 2.7m wide, with a triangular extrusion on the eastern side. This extrusion provides access to a semicircular ledge within the bath. The sides of the bath are generally perpendicular to an average depth of 1m with the exception of the ledge on the eastern side and a sloping triangular base on the northwestern corner. The base of the bath slopes to the deepest point of 1.3m off center on the southern end.</p><br>
<p>Brick edging surrounds the bath on the south (3.9m), east (7.7m) and northern (3.4m) sides. This edging is offset from the bath, 1.7m from the southern edge.8m from the eastern edge, and 1.5m from the northern edge. These bricks vary in length between 290mm to 305mm and a width of 110mm. The bricks sit is a shallow trench cut into the sandstone and fixed with a lime mortar. The height of the bricks is weathered to no more than 40mm.</p><br>
<p>The southeastern and northeastern extent of the bath is demarcated by two postholes cut into the sandstone. These holes are approximately 250mm in diameter. Another posthole demarcates the extent of the bath complex on the northwest. The western side of the bath complex is demarcated by a sandstone platform 100mm higher than the surrounds of the bath.</p><br>
<p>On the southern side of the bath is a shallow trough. This trough is 70mm in depth, 2.9m long and 250mm wide.</p><br>
<p>Notches to secure timber steps are located on the northern edge. After the 2004 survey, the remnants of the hardwood steps were left in the bath.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Deception Bay Sea Baths was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 July 2006 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Deception Bath Sea Baths are important in demonstrating the evolution of Queensland&#39;s history insofar that they provide physical evidence of the use of the seaside in Queensland for recreational and therapeutic purposes in the late 19th century. Oral and written accounts by the Bancroft family and the local community indicate that the baths were made and used by the Bancroft family in the 1880s and 1890s for recreational bathing and to relieve a chronic ailment suffered by Anne, the wife of Joseph Bancroft.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The baths are uncommon surviving examples of 19th century sea baths. They are likely to be the only extant examples of their type in Queensland. Excavated from the sandstone in the inter-tidal zone of the Deception Bay foreshore, they were filled by the incoming tide. The Boardwalk Bath was drained via a pipe built into the bottom of the bath.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The baths demonstrate the principal characteristics of sea baths and have a high degree of intactness. Like tidal baths in other parts of Australia, they are formed by enhancing natural rock formations in the intertidal zone. Similar to other enhanced rock pools, the Boardwalk Bath uses an artificial wall to enclose a natural opening of the pool at one end. Both pools are filled by the natural action of the tide and the Boardwalk Bath is drained through a pipe in the bottom of the artificial wall.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Both baths have special association with the lives of Joseph Bancroft and his son Thomas who reputedly built and used them. Joseph and Thomas were important Queensland research scientists of the late 19th Century and early 20th Century. Joseph is recognised as a founder of medical research in Australia. He was president of a number of early scientific and medical organisations in Queensland. Both men made important contributions to the fields of botany, zoology and medicine. They gained international recognition for Josephs discovery of the Wucheria Bancrofti parasitic worm that is responsible for causing elephantiasis and Thomass discovery that the parasite was transmitted by the Aedes aegypi mosquito. The Bancroft memorial lecture and medal, founded by the Queensland branch of the British Medical Association and also the Bancroft Centre of the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, are named in honour of Joseph.</p><br>
<p>The Chaloner House is a historic house at 3 Pleasant Street in Lubec, Maine. It was built in stages ending around 1818, and is one of Lubec&#39;s relatively few Federal period buildings. It is also distinctive as an early example of a lodging house, a type of housing that is rare in eastern Maine. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Chaloner House is set on the west side of the northernmost block of Pleasant Street, near the northeastern tip of the Lubec peninsula. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, eight bays wide, set on a sloping lot that provides a full basement level for the northernmost three bays. It has a saltbox profile, with its rear roofline sloping down to the first floor. The main facade is divided into two sections, the left five bays and the right three, based on its construction history. The left five bays have the entrance at their center, flanked by sidelight windows and pilasters, and topped by an entablature and cornice. The interior rooms at the front of house have retained a significant amount of Federal period styling, including woodwork and fireplaces, although many of latter have been blocked or had inserts placed in them.</p><br>
<p>When the property was purchased in 1817 by William Chaloner, there was almost certainly already a house standing on it; this was either a three-bay or five-bay structure, that may or may not have had the saltbox addition to the rear. Chaloner had eleven children by two wives between 1810 and 1835, and was likely responsible for enlarging the house he purchased to its present size. He also apparently took on lodgers: census figures for both 1820 and 1830 show a large number of males between 16 and 45 living in his house. Chaloner lost the house to a debt-related auction in 1834, and it has since served as a single- or multi-family residence since.</p><br>
<p>North Pine Presbyterian Church is a heritage-listed church at Dayboro Road, Kurwongbah, Moreton Bay Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1883 to 1884. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This small timber church was built in 1884 at 57 Old Daybro Road, Petrie and moved to its present site in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Redcliffe Agricultural Reserve was opened up for agricultural selection in 1863 and Constance Spry, a local land speculator, purchased the site in December 1866 and sold the 40 acres (16.19 hectares) to William Townsend in February 1867. Ten years later Townsend subdivided the land and sub 1 of portion 32, 1 acre (0.4 hectares) was acquired by the Presbyterian Church.</p><br>
<p>During the 1870s-80s several churches were built in the district&#39;s villages, which have since been demolished, destroyed by fire or removed.</p><br>
<p>The North Pine presbyterian congregation was ministered to from Bald Hills until 1873 when it was constituted a separate congregation. The church at Petrie was built between 1883-84 by a local builder and land holder James Foreman for the sum of £142.</p><br>
<p>In 1911 the suburb of North Pine was renamed Petrie. At about this time, the front doors of the church were replaced with doors from Tom Petrie&#39;s home. During the Second World War the ceiling was inserted.</p><br>
<p>In 1985 the church was moved to land originally owned by Foreman. Many of the original pews are still used and the pulpit is a copy of the original. The church is one of several historic buildings in the North Pine Country Park Historical Village and is the oldest extant church in the district.</p><br>
<p>The North Pine Country Park was originally part of the Griffin&#39;s Whiteside Run. The land was selected by James Foreman in 1868 and his original dwelling is the residence of the current park caretaker. The land was subsequently purchased by the Hyde family and they continued to farm the land until it was acquired by the council in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>This single skin timber church with exposed framing has a corrugated iron gable roof and is located at the southern end of Main Street in the North Pine Country Park Historical Village.</p><br>
<p>The building which shows gothic influence in its design, sits on concrete stumps and features a front porch with corrugated iron gabled roof. The rectangular plan has an attached rear vestry with weatherboard cladding and a corrugated iron skillion roof.</p><br>
<p>The porch is entered on both sides via pointed arch openings. The building features sash lancet windows, most with clear glazing, and the rear gable has been clad in weatherboard and both gables have louvred vents to the ceiling space.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building has a flat boarded ceiling with the side edges following the rake of the roof. The ceiling has two decorative plaster ceiling vents and four incandescent light fittings of white glass. A triple lancet window behind the pulpit looks into the vestry. Internal walls are of vertically jointed boards with a dado rail.</p><br>
<p>The vestry has fibrous cement sheeting with timber cover strips to the walls and ceiling which cuts across the top of the centre lancet. The timber floor is one step above the level of the church floor. Furnishings include a number of timber pews of varying designs and a carved timber pulpit with pointed arch carvings.</p><br>
<p>The park itself is many hectares in size, but the site located on this real property description includes Main Street with a bank, courthouse, store, bakehouse, cell block and public toilets. There are also three cylindrical concrete time capsules and the original homesteads driveway which is lined with mature pine trees. Also included are Petrie Street, Griffin Avenue, Whiteside Street and Kirriwian Lane with Todds Cottage and a school room.</p><br>
<p>All buildings, except for the bank, are weatherboard with corrugated iron gable roofs and sit on timber stumps. The bank is weatherboard but has a timber shingle gable roof with the front verandah roof at a lower pitch. The courthouse has a front verandah with a skillion corrugated iron roof and the store has a corrugated iron street awning with a front parapet wall. The bakehouse has a corrugated iron street awning with decorative timber bargeboards to the front gable and a lean-to structure on the northern side.</p><br>
<p>Todd&#39;s Cottage is a single-storeyed building with an attic and has a corrugated iron skillion roofed verandah to the four sides. The school room has a verandah on the eastern side with a lower pitched roof and a small freestanding square room to the south east.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>North Pine Presbyterian Church was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The church is one of the few surviving pioneer buildings in the former Pine Rivers Shire.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The church is a good example of an 1880s timber church.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The aesthetic quality of this exposed frame timber church contributes to the townscape of the park.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The church is the oldest extant church in the district.</p><br>
<p>Comino&#39;s Arcade is a heritage-listed shopping arcade at 133-137 Redcliffe Parade, Redcliffe, Moreton Bay Region, Queensland, Australia. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 March 2009.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Cominos Arcade is a three storey brick building on Redcliffe Parade, built by Greek businessman Arthur Comino between 1942 and 1944 to take advantage of Redcliffes popularity as a Rest and Recreation area for American and Australian military personnel during World War II. It is a reminder of Redcliffe&#39;s past as a popular Queensland seaside holiday resort, and its lively wartime history.</p><br>
<p>Very little development occurred in Redcliffe until the late 1870s, when publicans and shopkeepers began to cluster on the foreshores of the peninsula. The Victorians considered "taking the air" by the sea to be healthy and sea bathing was considered therapeutic. Long surf beaches were not highly valued in the Victorian period, and the ideal resort consisted of a coastline of picturesque headlands with small coves and inlets offering safe swimming in smooth water. Redcliffe fit the bill, and it was also reasonably close to Brisbane. In the 1880s agricultural portions on the peninsula were subdivided and sold as residential estates, for the building of "Marine Residences", and the area&#39;s identity as a seaside resort solidified in that decade.</p><br>
<p>Rail and sea transport were the favoured means of access for holidaymakers of this period. When the railway reached Sandgate in 1882, it was possible to take a train to Sandgate, and then catch a steamer to the Redcliffe Peninsula. In 1882 a jetty was erected at Woody Point to receive steamers from Sandgate, and another jetty was built near Redcliffe Point in 1885. By 1890 steamers were bringing 10,000 day trippers and holidaymakers to Redcliffe per year. Tourist daytrips to Redcliffe, on the steamer Koopa, started in 1911.</p><br>
<p>Until the late 1930s Redcliffe functioned as a holiday destination rather than as a residential suburb. In 1921, when the Town of Redcliffe was declared, its permanent population was only 1,631, and it contained 432 private dwellings, six Hotels, and 28 boarding houses. However, improved road access eventually changed this situation. ANZAC Avenue, running from Petrie to Redcliffe, was opened in December 1925, and in October 1935 the opening of the Hornibrook Highway Toll Bridge ended Redcliffes isolation from Brisbane, and led to a burst of residential development. Many of the 1880s residential allotments were finally sold after the bridge was completed. Between 1933 and 1940 Redcliffe was one of fastest growing local authorities in Australia, with the number of dwellings increasing from 536 to 1865. Redcliffes population in 1933 was 2,008, and this had risen to 6,000 by 1940.</p><br>
<p>Although Redcliffe had become a residential suburb, it continued to act as a holiday destination - at least until the spread of motor vehicle ownership, and the appeal of surf beaches on the Gold and Sunshine Coasts, lured away Brisbane holidaymakers during the 1950s. Public bathing pavilions were opened at Suttons Beach, Margate, Woody Point and Redcliffe jetty in 1937, and a koala sanctuary and zoo was established next to the Country Womens Association hall that same year. The Redcliffe Rollerdrome (a skating rink) was established in 1938, and Frosts private aviary and zoo opened in Joseph Street around 1939.</p><br>
<p>One businessman who saw potential in Redcliffe during the pre-World War II period was Athanasi (Arthur) Stavrou Comino, born on the Greek island of Kythera in 1880. His brother John S. Comino moved to Australia in 1901, and worked in Sydney and Lismore in New South Wales before moving to Queensland and buying a cafe in Bundaberg. Around 1903 John was joined by three of his brothers, including Arthur Comino. Two more brothers arrived in 1908, but in 1912 Arthur and Peter, who were still listed as Greek Army reservists, left to fight in the First Balkan War.</p><br>
<p>In 1919 Arthur married Marigoula (Mary) Comino on Kythera, and they moved back to Australia in 1921. Mary and Arthur ran the Central Cafe in Laidley for 25 years and raised their four children there. When visiting friends at Redcliffe in 1922 Arthur fell in love with the place and began looking for an investment opportunity. In September 1938 he purchased 1 rood and 24 perches of land on the site of the present Comino&#39;s Arcade, which at that time included the Moreton Vista boarding house. The Pier Theatre was located immediately to the south. Arthur planned to move the boarding house back from the street, and then build some shops with living quarters for the family above. However, on 26 June 1941 the Moreton Vista boarding house, the adjacent one-room Embassy fish shop, and two other shops were destroyed by an early morning fire.</p><br>
<p>Arthur Comino&#39;s presence in Redcliffe was part of the ongoing saga of the Comino family in Australia. The pioneer of Greek cafes in Australia was Arthur D. Comino from Kythera. He landed in Sydney in 1873 and within five years had established a small fish shop at 36 Oxford Street. When people heard cafes in Australia were doing well, it prompted others, mostly under 25 years old, to leave Kythera. The popular pattern was for Greek migrants to arrive in Sydney and earn some money working in existing Greek food establishments, before travelling to country New South Wales or Queensland to establish their own businesses.</p><br>
<p>In 1900 a Comino&#39;s Oyster Saloon/cafe was operating in Queen Street, Brisbane. After 1900 the Comino family moved into Bundaberg, Childers, Mackay, Cairns, and Emerald, making Comino cafes almost as conspicuous in Queensland as they were in New South Wales. Other Kytherians followed the Comino family into cafes in Queensland. By the 1930s there would be at least one Greek cafe in almost every Queensland town and city.</p><br>
<p>By the start of World War II over 10,000 Greeks had settled in Australia and the Kytherians, who by then constituted about 22% of the total, remained by far the dominant regional group. The largest group of pre-World War II Queensland Greeks were also from Kythera, the most significant being the Comino, Coronis and Freeleagus families. Although much larger numbers of Greeks would move to Australia after World War II, the earlier immigrants carved out a niche in Australian cultural history by giving rise to the institution of the Greek Cafe, which acted as the social hub of many country towns until the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>In 1916 a census of Australian Greeks revealed that, of the 176 Greeks in Brisbane, 140 worked in cafes and related trades. The ratio for the rest of Queensland was 168 out of 407. Other main occupations before 1920 included drapers and tailors, farmers, tradesmen, taxi drivers, cane cutters, fruit wholesalers, and travelling "picture show men". In the 1949 Queensland Alphabetical Post Office Directory, listed Comino businesses included: restaurants (10), wine sellers (1), picture theatres (1), fruit merchants (3), tobacconists (1), grocers (1), drapers (2), restaurant and draper (1), and "mixed businesses" (2).</p><br>
<p>During the 1910s changes in cafe design occurred which produced the layout common from the 1920s to the 1960s: at the front was a display window, then a refrigerated milk bar, with pantry and confectionery counter, and then a dining room, with a kitchen at the rear. Cafes profited from the growth of the popularity of picture theatres as they fed patrons at intervals and after the show. In the country towns especially, the cafes depended on the business gained in the evening from the picture theatres. Arthurs decision to buy land next to the Pier Theatre was probably not accidental, and Cominos Arcade was built with a cafe on its southern side, immediately adjacent to the theatre.</p><br>
<p>The Great Depression in Australia caused problems for cafes, and many failed. A recovery in the late 1930s saw rebuilding and renovation occur in country cafes. Increased use was made of cubicles to separate the dining tables, and more decoration was added, as an elegant interior could be translated into increased prices. Reception halls or lounges were also added to cafes for larger functions. Greek cafes in 1930s Gympie, Innisfail, and Maryborough each had reception halls or dance floors upstairs, and this trend is reflected in Comino&#39;s Arcade at Redcliffe, which was built with a dance floor on the third storey.</p><br>
<p>Throughout World War II many cafes were forced to close or drastically curtail their business due to rationing, quotas, and loss of staff into the armed services. Conversely, those cafes located near where soldiers - particularly Americans - were camped or stationed did very well.</p><br>
<p>During World War II Redcliffe&#39;s attractions were well patronised by military personnel on Rest and Recreation leave, due to the large numbers of American and Australian troops stationed on or near the Redcliffe peninsula. They were present as part of the defence of Moreton Bay and the Brisbane region, which was an important supply and staging area for the Allied war effort against the Japanese. Military facilities on the peninsula by November 1942 included a Royal Australian Air Force Rifle Range at Scarborough, an Australian Army jungle camping area, amphibious unit, rest area, and Bren Gun Carrier unit near Redcliffe, and an Australian Army bayonet and rifle drilling area at Margate. Seabrae Guesthouse, opposite the site of Luna Park, was used by Australian Military Intelligence as a training school from September 1942, and after June 1943 it was used by United States Navy submariners on Rest and Recreation. The American Red Cross also billeted United States Army soldiers at the Scarborough Hotel from 1943.</p><br>
<p>During the war other facilities in the area around Redcliffe included an army camp and three airstrips at Strathpine, Australian machine gunners at Deception Bay, United States and Australian troops on Bribie and Moreton Islands and at Caloundra, and amphibious warfare training facilities at Toorbul Point. The jetty at Redcliffe was so heavily used by United States Navy and Royal Australian Navy vessels, such as Landing Ships (Tank), and Corvettes, that it required repairs after the war.</p><br>
<p>The Australian Comforts Fund was set up January 1940 for people serving in the military, and in 1941 its focus shifted from cakes and knitting for the troops to entertainment. The Redcliffe Australian Comforts Fund became a centre for the whole of the surrounding area. The Pier Theatre, Luna Park (established in August 1944 on the site of the current salt water lagoon), and the Redcliffe Rollerdrome were all popular components of what was a seaside entertainment precinct near the Redcliffe jetty.</p><br>
<p>With the armed forces swarming over Redcliffe, Arthur Comino was in a good position to capitalise on the situation. After Moreton Vista burned down he planned an entirely new building for the site, and his plans were ambitious for the time. From February 1942 National Security Regulations restricted civilian building, although it was possible to get a permit if construction was linked to the war effort. The construction of government buildings and private housing effectively ceased. However, Arthur arranged for a letter to be delivered by the Chairman of the Laidley Shire Council to Sir Arthur Fadden whilst the latter was campaigning in his Darling Downs electorate during his brief time as Prime Minister of Australia, from late August to early October 1941. The letter requested permission to rebuild Comino&#39;s boarding house and this request was granted.</p><br>
<p>War-related material and labour shortages made construction of the present arcade a drawn-out business. As Arthur was a stonemason, like his father and uncles, he used this experience to build the arcade. The Redcliffe Town Council checked the plans and requested changes in September 1941. Arthur began building in 1942, supervising the project and building substantial portions himself and it was not until 1944 that the shops were completed. The building itself bears lettering that claims it was built between 1939 and 1942, but this does not correspond with the 1941 destruction by fire of the previous buildings on the site.</p><br>
<p>Architects G Meek and Shaw were commissioned to plan the arcade. A conceptual drawing shows a two storey building with porthole windows on the sides and part of the first floor, glass fronted shops on the ground floor, a glass arcade cupola, and a tower in the form of a "flying bridge" on top of the second storey. The building was called "Lockyer Private Hotel" in the drawing, the name probably relating to Comino&#39;s cafe at Laidley in the Lockyer Valley. Commenting on the design, the Redcliffe Herald noted that the bridge and port holes imparted a marine appearance to a building which was much suitable for a seaside resort. However, during construction a third storey was added, which removed the flying bridge and the glass arcade ceiling.</p><br>
<p>The finished building, of brick and reinforced concrete with terrazzo and tiled floors throughout, had an arcade and shops on the ground floor. The four shops along the street frontage initially included a cafe, a dress shop, a casket agency and a photographer, and there was a hairdresser within the arcade: Joan Haycock, who was first listed in the Post Office Directory at Marine Parade (later Redcliffe Parade) in 1947. Mr Cassimatis ran the casket agency. The "Arcade Drapery...Cominos Arcade", was first listed in the Post Office Directory in 1949.</p><br>
<p>The first floor contained the familys flat along with serviced bedrooms, and the second floor contained more serviced bedrooms, set around a ballroom with a terrazzo floor. The provision of holiday accommodation was consistent with Redcliffes history as a seaside resort, and the building was effectively a combination of a boarding house, an arcade, and a Greek cafe with an associated ballroom. Initially the building was named the Acropolis Building. During the war the cafe was packed with service personnel and soon after opening Arthur built the kitchen and was able to provide meals. The family moved into the first floor flat in 1946, having sold their cafe in Laidley.</p><br>
<p>In December 1946 Redcliffes first nightclub, "The Ace of Clubs", was opened in the ballroom by the Borrowdale brothers. A 1949 advertisement for the arcade touted the "Panorama Dance Palais" for weddings, dances and parties. The Acropoly Cafe and Milk Bar was also advertised, along with "modern flats and rooms". The bedrooms were later rented as offices. Tragically Arthur died in December 1949 as a result of a fall while working on his arcade. From 1975 until 1982 the ballroom was leased to the Redcliffe Art Society. The arcades extension through to Sutton Street, designed by Colin Tannett and erected by local builder Jim Fortune, was finished in 1968 and was officially opened by the Post-Master General, the Federal Member for Petrie, Alan Hulme. Members of the Comino family jointly owned the original arcade until 2003.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Cominos Arcade is located within the beach-facing shopping strip along Redcliffe Parade and overlooks Queens Beach and the Redcliffe jetty. The three storey face-brick building incorporates a shopping arcade on the ground floor, office suites on the second floor and a double-height ballroom with small bedroom spaces on the upper floor. The arcade&#39;s wide, three-storey frontage contrasts with the low-lying beach opposite and to the other smaller scaled buildings along the Redcliffe Parade shopping strip making the building a prominent part of the streetscape.</p><br>
<p>There are four shop tenancies at ground level adjacent to the entrance to the arcade. Columns on this level are finished with terrazzo and some early mosaic tiling exists on one of the shopfronts. The underside of the street awning and a portion of the original shop-front glazing have been sealed with trim-deck sheeting.</p><br>
<p>Side elevations of the building are finished with face-brick with fibre-cement cladding to the enclosed verandahs which run along the northern and southern sides of the ballroom level. The rear elevation is also finished with face brick and steps up at parapet level similar to the street facade. Both the side and rear elevations contain casement windows with high-level louvre windows to the ballroom space on the upper floor. Double doors open out to a small landing on the second level.</p><br>
<p>The arcade provides public passage through the building on ground level and internal facades are symmetrical in layout with full-height glazing to the shopfronts. Ceilings and walls are finished with painted plaster with sandy-coloured terrazzo to the floors.</p><br>
<p>Public spaces on the second and upper levels are reached by a masonry staircase at the rear of the building. Rooms throughout the second and upper floor levels floors and stairs have been finished in colourful terrazzo tiles with a checkered border detail and walls and ceiling have been finished with painted plaster. Internal doors and windows are clear-finished timber joinery. The ballroom space features a fibre-cement ceiling and wall-mounted, half-moon shaped uplight fittings.</p><br>
<p>A 1968 rear arcade extension links Comino&#39;s Arcade to Sutton Street. This extension is not part of the listing.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Comino&#39;s Arcade was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 March 2009 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Cominos Arcade is important in demonstrating the development of the hospitality and retail industries in Queensland in the first half of the twentieth century, particularly in a seaside setting, and it also demonstrates Redcliffes role as a major seaside resort from the 1880s to the 1950s. It is an important example of a 1940s seaside tourist and entertainment venue offering a cafe, shops, dance hall and serviced accommodation in close proximity to a range of other popular entertainment venues. An ambitious civilian building project for its time, the building also illustrates the importance of Redcliffe as a Rest and Recreation centre for troops during World War II. The owners intention to create a durable, high quality building is shown by the intact joinery in the accommodation areas, and by the original terrazzo and ceramic tile floor finishes throughout the building. In addition, Cominos Arcade is a product of the chain migration of Greeks from the island of Kythera into Queensland during the first half of the twentieth century; a migration which influenced the evolution of the hospitality industry in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Cominos Arcade is also important in demonstrating the adoption of modernist architectural design principles - principles that were almost universally adopted in post-war architecture. Some of the buildings features, uncommon in its time - such as its stark face brick street elevation, its undecorated parapet, and its cantilevered concrete window shades - were to become standard in the 1950s and 1960s.</p><br>
<p>The Limerick Upper Village Historic District encompasses the historic village center of Limerick, Maine. The 11 acre district extends along Main Street roughly from the southern junction of Maine State Routes 11 and 5 to the northern junction of Routes 5 and 160, and was developed between the turn of the 19th century and the early 20th century. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Limerick was first settled in the 1770s, and was incorporated in 1787. It was named for the Irish city of Limerick, the place of origin of the father of James Sullivan, a prominent lawyer of southern Maine and one of the towns founders. What is now Main Street (and more generally SR 5) had its origin as a Native American footpath running from the coast to the inland community of Pequawket, now Fryeburg, Maine. Set on a rise at the southern end of the district is the 1852 Baptist church, adjacent to which are the towns oldest cemeteries. The village is arrayed along Main Street between this area and the 1822 Freewill Baptist Church, set at the triangular junction of Routes 5 and 160.</p><br>
<p>The oldest building in the district is the c. 1790 Rev. Eastman House, a Federal period building that was restyled in the 1870s with Italianate trim. The c. 1800 Kilpatrick House has retained its Federal appearance. Italianate buildings predominate in the district, including the brick town hall (1860), the Academy (1881), and the library (1881). The Jeremiah Mason House (1859) is a particularly fine example of Italianate residential architecture executed in brick. There is only one Queen Anne period building in the district: the Limerick National Bank building (1881).</p><br>
<p>Boxhead Pot is a cave on Leck Fell, in Lancashire, England. It leads into the top end of Lost Johns&#39; Cave, and is part of the Three Counties System, an 87 km cave system which spans the borders of Cumbria, Lancashire, and North Yorkshire.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The entrance is in a deep shakehole 30 m south of Lost Pot. A vertical pipe leads directly onto the top of a 34 m shaft which lands on an unstable boulder ledge. Below that a 68 m deep spacious shaft descends to the bottom of one of the two NPC Avens at the top end of Lost Johns&#39; Cave (Lost Pot enters from the second aven).</p><br>
<h2>Geology and Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>The cave is a solutional cave formed in Visean Great Scar limestone from the Mississippian Series of the Carboniferous period. Its development has been largely determined by a vertical fault and a number of major joints. The streams that flow through the cave originate from small surface sinks, and are the main source of the water that flows through Lost Johns&#39; Master Cave. It eventually emerges from the Leck Beck Head spring in Ease Gill. The current outlet at the base of Boxhead Pot is small, but there are a series of abandoned phreatic passages, called the Tate Galleries, 10 m above the floor of the current outlet, and it is thought that the shafts were formed before the Devensian glaciation, and were originally drained by those passages.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Boxhead Pot shafts were originally climbed from below in the late 1980s by Mick Nunwick. In the autumn of 1994, Northern Cave Club cavers found an open and unstable hole in a shakehole, which they descended to land at the bottom of the NPC Avens in Lost Johns&#39;. The cave was named after Alan Box, a club member who had died in a Spanish cave the previous year. The entrance was stabilised in 1995.</p><br>
<p>Redcliffe Town Council Chambers is a heritage-listed town hall at 185 Redcliffe Parade, Redcliffe, Moreton Bay Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Sidney William Prior and built from 1940 to 1941 by Carl Gustav Thiedeke. It is also known as the Redcliffe Shire Hall and the Redcliffe Community Health Centre. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 January 1995.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Redcliffe Town Council Chambers was built as the Redcliffe Shire Hall in 1940-1. The building was designed by Sidney William Prior and constructed by Carl Gustav Thiedeke for a cost of £5200. It was built during a key period of development in Redcliffe which followed the construction of the Hornibrook Highway, which linked the Redcliffe Peninsula to Brisbane. The first permanent settlement on the peninsula occurred after land sales in 1862. By the 1870s Humpybong, Redcliffe&#39;s popular name, began to make progress as a seaside resort, although lack of transportation and access limited its development as a resort. In the 1880s many blocks were sub-divided into smaller building allotments, leading to increased population in the area. The first local government area, the Redcliffe Division was proclaimed in April 1887, and by this stage the official name Redcliffe was in more common usage. The Divisional Board planned an office in 1892 and a design by Brisbane architect CW Brooke was prepared. However, due to lack of funding the Board moved to the North Pine (Petrie) School of Arts in 1893, and then briefly to the Masonic Hall at Redcliffe in May 1901 and a cottage belonging to Thomas Snook. In 1902 an official Board Office was constructed, designed by Brisbane architect WC Voller. By April 1903 the Divisional Board had become the Redcliffe Shire Council, and then Redcliffe Town Council in May 1921.</p><br>
<p>During the 1930s the Town Council instigated many improvements in Redcliffe, developing the area as an attractive sea-side resort. The opening of the Hornibrook Highway from Brighton to Redcliffe on 4 October 1935 was a major impetus for development. The Council proceeded with major redevelopment of seaside areas, providing public facilities and undertaking improvement work.</p><br>
<p>Mention of the new council chambers was made at the council meeting on 13 February 1939, when comments were passed on the dilapidated condition of the existing building. The Council resolved to erect a new building in July 1939, the Mayor at the time being AH Langdon. The old chambers were removed from the site and altered into residential flats, named "Granton".</p><br>
<p>The new chambers were designed by Sidney William Prior who arrived in Australia from England in 1911 and studied construction and drawing at the Brisbane Central Technical College in 1913 before serving in the First World War. He established his architectural practice in Brisbane in 1923 after having worked for a short period with the Commonwealth Government as a draftsman. A large proportion of Prior&#39;s work was domestic though he designed Hesketh House in Elizabeth Street, additions to the Jennings Rubber Company Building in Fortitude Valley and the Bowen Hills Davies Park Speedway.</p><br>
<p>The chambers were constructed at a cost of £5200, including furnishings, funded by the Council&#39;s sale of their electrical undertaking to the City Electric Light Co. Ltd. The contractor for the building work was CG Thiedeke, whose tender was accepted in August 1940. The building was used to house the chambers of councils along with dental and medical clinics.</p><br>
<p>The new building was opened on 3 December 1941 by the Minister for Home Affairs, the Hon Edward Michael (Ned) Hanlon. On this same day the minister officially switched on the new Redcliffe water supply.</p><br>
<p>Redcliffe was proclaimed a city on 11 June 1959, and the Shire Hall, which was inadequate for the expanding council, was given to the control of the State Government Health Department in 1972, for use as a community health centre, when the Council moved to new premises.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Redcliffe Town Council Chambers is a symmetrical single-storeyed white rendered masonry building with a two-storeyed entrance section. The main facade is curved with stepped parapets which conceal flat roofs. The building incorporates decorative relief shields, glass bricks and stained glass.</p><br>
<p>The exterior of the building is reasonably intact. Alterations have been made to the interior of the building to adapt it for its present use. The building has been extended at the rear.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Redcliffe Town Council Chambers was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 January 1995 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Shire Hall was constructed during a time of development at Redcliffe and provides evidence of this key period of growth.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The former Redcliffe Town Council Chambers, erected in 1940-1, is significant as an example of a civic building designed in an international modern style which shows the influence of European architectural influence in the late 1930s. The building is an example of the work of Sidney William Prior.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The building has a long association with the local community as the civic centre and health care facility.</p><br>
<p>All Souls Church, also known as All Souls Unitarian Universalist Church of Braintree, is a church on the National Register of Historic Places, it is located at 196 Elm Street in Braintree, Massachusetts. The building is a large fieldstone structure, in a cruciform plan with a square tower that has a crenellated top. The gable ends are decorated with bargeboard, and the entrance is set under a gabled entry porch below a large window with Gothic tracery. The church was designed by Boston architect Edwin Lewis and built in 1905 for a congregation organized in 1900; it is Braintrees first stone church building. Land for the building was donated by George O. Wales, a leading force in uniting Braintrees Unitarian and Universalist congregations.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<p>The Frederick Squires House is a historic house located at 1003 West Church Street in Champaign, Illinois. Owner and architect Frederick Squires created the Craftsman style house in 1927. Squires combined two similar 1870s frame houses, one of which was moved from another site in Champaign, to build his house. In addition to using existing houses to form a new one, Squires used recycled wood, brick, and concrete to complete his new home. The house&#39;s interior design incorporates principles of Craftsman design such as an open floor plan, use of natural materials throughout, and an entrance hall that functions as a room in its own right.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 22, 2011.</p><br>
<p>The Bayside Historic District encompasses the historic core of a former religious summer camp meeting community in Northport, Maine. It includes the original grounds of the Northport Wesleyan Grove Camp Meeting, established in 1848, with most of surviving architecture built between about 1870 and 1920. It is the largest surviving such area in the state, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. It is now the heart of the Bayside village, a secular seaside summer resort community.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Northport Camp Meeting has its origins in the 1848 purchase of land on the shore of Penobscot Bay, which was transferred to a formal organization in 1850, made up of 23 Methodist churches in Knox and Waldo Counties. The early years of the camp meeting are poorly documented; it is during this time that some of the features of the grounds, including Auditorium Park, were laid out. Accommodations in those years was in boarding houses and tents, none of which have survived. In 1873 the organization was formally chartered by the state, and it acquired more land, with an eye toward developing more permanent infrastructure, including cottages for attendees. By 1878 more than 100 cottages had been built on the association&#39;s grounds, a road network laid out, and sewerage services provided. The camp meeting declined in popularity in the 1920s and 1930s, and was dissolved in 1937.</p><br>
<p>The district is centered on the waterfront of Penobscot Bay, and extends inland as far as George Street. It is bounded at the northwest by Clinton Street and North Avenue, and on the southeast by Sea Street. Most of the buildings in the district are small single story or 1-1/2 story wood frame cottages, many with vernacular Gothic Revival styling. Typical features include bargeboard on the gables, board-and-batten siding, and decorative sawn details on porches and other trim elements. An 1885 store and bakery stand on Clinton Avenue, and the Bayside Inn on Bay Street (c. 1900-20) is the only surviving hotel building from the period. Auditorium Park, the traditional centerpiece of the camp meeting community, is where its auditorium stood until it was demolished in 1936, and has been retained as a public park, along with several other smaller parks.</p><br>
<p>Vermilyea Inn Historic District is a national historic district located near Fort Wayne in Aboite Township, Allen County, Indiana. The district encompasses one contributing building, the Jesse Vermilyea House, and three contributing structures. The house was built in 1839, and is a two-story, three bay, Federal style brick dwelling. It has an original two-story, four bay, gable roofed wing, a 1 1/2-story wood and brick garage addition built about 1945, and a 1 1/2-story brick addition built about 2000. The other contributing resources are the visible earthworks of the Wabash and Erie Canal and the timber platform of the canal aqueduct. Its builder, Jesse Vermilyea, opened his house as an inn and tavern and operated as such through the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>Long Drop Cave is a cave on Leck Fell, in Lancashire, England. It leads into Death&#39;s Head Hole, and is part of the Three Counties System, an 87 km cave system which spans the borders of Cumbria, Lancashire, and North Yorkshire.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The entrance is below a small cliff in a shakehole. From the wide overhanging entrance, a short crawl leads onto an 8 m dry shaft. At the bottom, an excavated route leads into a narrow stream passage, with a narrow 5 m pitch a few metres downstream. Below this, about 20 m of narrow passage leads to the top of the third pitch, where the system enlarges dramatically. A 29 m pitch passes a ledge, and lands in Fault Chamber, where a vertical geological fault can be seen to have a 150 cm throw. A further 8 m pitch leads to a final chamber and a stream passage. Upstream, the water emerges from an impenetrable fissure, downstream passes through a low crawl before the going eases, passing under some avens. After 60 m the passage becomes a waterlogged tube which is normally sumped. This can be baled from the downstream end, to allow a through trip to Dolphin Passage in Death&#39;s Head Hole.</p><br>
<p>In Fault Chamber, an easy climb up the eastern rift reaches a small window, that can be forced to an 8 m pitch that drops into an independent streamway - High Stream Passage. Upstream leads to an aven with an inlet entering, and a narrow 20 m long passage leading to a second aven. Downstream leads into High Stream Chamber where the water sinks in boulders to emerge from the impenetrable fissure mentioned above. A 22 m pitch drops into High Stream Chamber from Humble Inlet. Two passages can be reached from the top. Upstream, 100 m of decorated passage ends in a mineralised choke on a fault in the area of Humble Pot. The downstream passage is smaller and wetter, and finishes in a blind 18 m pit.</p><br>
<p>Short Long Drop is an alternative entrance located 10 m from the main entrance. A tight rift leads to the top of an 8 m shaft. At the bottom, a tight crawl connects with the bottom of the first pitch in the main cave.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>The cave is a solutional cave formed in Visean Great Scar limestone from the Mississippian Series of the Carboniferous period. Its development has been largely determined by a vertical fault and a number of major joints. The streams that flow through the cave originate from small surface sinks. They flow through the lower passage into Dolphin Passage in Deaths Head Hole, and hence into Lost Johns Master Cave. It eventually emerges from the Leck Beck Head spring in Ease Gill.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Long Drop Cave was known by the Yorkshire Ramblers Club by 1922, when S.W. Cutriss described it as: "Long Drop Sink with the cave at the far end, a 10 foot passage leading to Long Drop itself, a perfect round dry shaft, 25 feet deep. There is no exit." The bottom of the shaft was dug by Bob Leakey and Gordon Batty in the 1950s, but without breaking through. The challenge was then picked up by members of the Gritstone Club in 1965, who succeeded in digging down a little further to expose a tight crawl which proved to be the breakthrough point into the main cave. Humble Inlet was discovered by members of the Burnley Caving Club in 1981, when they climbed a 22 m high aven in High Stream Chamber. The end of the cave was connected to Deaths Head Hole in 1981 by the Gritstone Club.</p><br>
<p>Short Long Drop was dug into and explored by members of the Red Rose Cave & Pothole Club in 2007.</p><br>
<p>Ripari Villabruna is a small rock shelter in northern Italy with neolithic burial remains. It contains several Cro-Magnon burials, with bodies and grave goods dated to 14,000 years BP. The site has added greatly to our understanding of the neolithic development of medical and religious practises in early human communities.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The ablation and removal of debris in the Cismon valley, in the Sovramonte municipality, province of Belluno, Italy during the late 1980s led to the discovery of several rock shelters (abris). Located at a height of 500 m above sea level they show impressive traces of the settlement by prehistoric people and their activities.</p><br>
<p>The rock shelters, named after their discoverer "Ripari Villabruna", are part of a complex system of sites that reach from the lowest points of the valley to alpine heights. Excavations confirm that humans frequently occupied the site for short periods in a late Epigravettian cultural context, carbon dated to begin around 14,000 years ago and continuing to the middle of the ensuing Holocene.</p><br>
<h2>Villabruna 1</h2><br>
<p>A grave that contained a well-preserved skeleton was discovered at the base of the archaeological layers in 1988. Direct AMS dating of the skeletal remains revealed an age of 14,160 to 13,820 years. The burial took place during the first stages of the human settlement in the rock shelters. The corpse was placed into a narrow, shallow pit of 30 to 40 cm depth, the head turned to the left with arms stretched touching the body.</p><br>
<p>Six grave attachments were placed to the body&#39;s left. The typical equipment of a hunter-gatherer included a fire stone knife, a fire stone core, another stone as hammer, a blade of fire stone, a bone tip, a pellet of ochre and Propolis (a resinous matter, produced by bees). Limestone platelets decorated with ochre drawings had been placed on top of the tomb.</p><br>
<p>The excellent preservation of the Villabruna 1 skeleton helped to thoroughly investigate various aspects of skeletal biology,such as body size, craniofacial morphology, tooth wear, functional anatomy and nutritional and pathological aspects. Comparing Villabruna 1 and similar finds with today&#39;s people widened the understanding of biocultural adjustments, the living conditions and survival strategies of the Paleolithic population of Europe.</p><br>
<p>Villabruna 1 is significant in terms of the history of population genetics: the remains were was found to carry Y-DNA haplogroup R1b1a (R-L754). This is the oldest documented example of haplogroup R1b in Western Europe.</p><br>
<p>Redcliffe Fire Station is a heritage-listed former fire station at 395 Oxley Avenue, Redcliffe, Moreton Bay Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1948 to 1949 by Alex Smith. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 September 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Redcliffe Fire Station, built in 1948-1949 is a substantial brick building of two storeys. The fire station and its related structures are sited on 1.2 acres of land on the Redcliffe Peninsula, almost midway along Oxley Avenue between Woody Point and Scarborough. Although the fire engine is now housed in the 1973 southern extension of the building, the layout of both the ground floor station, and the first floor residence, remains largely intact.</p><br>
<p>For many years the Redcliffe area was known as "Humpybong", the name that the local Aboriginal people gave to the abandoned convict settlement (1824-1825) at Red Cliff Point. In 1861 23,000 acres of the peninsula and the Petrie area were declared an agricultural reserve, and from 1862 onwards a number of farm portions were sold. Very little development occurred until the 1880s, although in the late 1870s publicans and shopkeepers began to cluster on the foreshores of the peninsula. In 1878 Charles George Skinner purchased the 32 acres of Portion 196 for £22. This portion included the land on which the fire station now stands. The 1880s land speculation boom in Brisbane extended to the Redcliffe Peninsula, and the area&#39;s identity as a seaside resort solidified in that decade. In the Victorian era people considered "taking the air" by the sea to be healthy, and agricultural portions on the peninsula were subdivided and sold as residential estates, for the building of "Marine Residences". Portion 196 was sold as "Redcliffe Point Estate".</p><br>
<p>The Caboolture Divisional Board cleared the first road on the peninsula, running from Woody Point to Scarborough, in the early 1880s, and this road later became Oxley Avenue. A Police Station, Courthouse, and Post Office were built in 1885, and the Redcliffe Divisional Board was created in 1888. However, the board&#39;s office was initially located in Brisbane, and a proper office was not built in Redcliffe until 1902, in the same year that the Redcliffe Shire Council was created. In 1895 there were still 237 farms, covering 4199 acres, at Redcliffe, and agricultural use of much of the land on the Redcliffe Peninsula continued into the 1940s. An aerial photograph taken in 1942 shows that most development had occurred east of Oxley Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The reduction of Redcliffe&#39;s isolation was a slow process, and until the late 1930s it was considered to be a good place to visit, rather than a good place to live. In 1882 a jetty was erected at Woody Point to receive a steamboat from Sandgate, and another jetty was built near Redcliffe Point in 1885. Tourist daytrips to Redcliffe, on the steamer Koopa, started in 1911. The railway reached North Pine in 1888, but was never extended to Redcliffe, despite persistent local lobbying. In 1921, when the Town of Redcliffe was declared, its permanent population was only 1,631, and it contained 432 private dwellings, six Hotels, and 28 boarding houses. An electricity supply was not connected until July 1928. Decent road access was also slow to arrive. Anzac Avenue, running from Petrie to Redcliffe, was originally an Aboriginal track, used to access the "Kipper Ring" (now Kippa-Ring) that was located about three miles northwest of Redcliffe. The tree-lined, bitumen-covered "ANZAC Memorial Avenue" was opened in December 1925.</p><br>
<p>In October 1935, an event occurred that would accelerate the pace of Redcliffes development. The opening of the Hornibrook Highway Toll Bridge ended Redcliffes isolation, and led to a burst of residential development. At 2.7 km long, the Hornibrook Bridge was the longest road viaduct over built over water in the southern hemisphere, and it shaved 35 km off the return road trip from Brisbane to Clontarf Point. Many of the 1880s residential allotments were finally sold after the bridge was completed. Between 1933 and 1940 Redcliffe was one of fastest growing local authorities in Australia, with the number of dwellings increasing from 536 to 1865. Redcliffes population in 1933 was 2,008, and this had risen to 6,000 by 1940. Wartime and post- war building restrictions hampered development until the 1950s, especially in areas viewed as tourist resorts. Redcliffe and the towns of the Gold Coast were the only Queensland towns still subject to building restrictions in 1949, but Redcliffes population continued to increase, reaching 8,871 in 1947, and 18,000 in 1959, the year that the City of Redcliffe was declared.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1930s the Redcliffe Town Council&#39;s confidence in the future led to a rush to develop public infrastructure. In 1938 decisions were made to develop a reliable water supply, and to build a new town hall. A water storage reservoir and a concrete water tower were built at Duffield Road, but although the water main from Sandgate reached as far as ANZAC Ave by December 1940, piping for household connections was held up by wartime shortages. The official opening of the Redcliffe Water Works occurred on 3 December 1941, the same day as the opening of the new brick Redcliffe Town Council Chambers. The establishment of mains water supply in turn enabled the creation of a Fire Brigade in Redcliffe; a reliable source of water meant that the days of the "bucket brigade" were over, and more effective means of fighting fires could be implemented.</p><br>
<p>In November 1941 the Redcliffe Fire Brigade Board was formed, and in 1942 the Fire Brigade&#39;s first Chief Officer was Frank Mayer, formerly of the MFB. Initial equipment consisted of a Ford Truck, several hundred feet of hose, two hydrants, two branches and one "Y" coupling. Later, an International Howe fire engine, a small Coventry pump, and some fire extinguishers were added. The Redcliffe Fire Brigade was initially housed at a residence on the corner of Webb Street and Maude Street, Margate, and it won praise for its efforts at firefighting during 1943 and 1944. Mayer, who had started as a volunteer fire fighter in Windsor in 1911, died of an illness in June 1945, and was replaced by P.F. MacFarlane, who resigned in 1949. In September 1947 the Australian Loan Council had agreed to lend £8,800 to the Redcliffe Fire Brigade Board, and in 1948 land was resumed for a fire station at the corner of Oxley Ave and Mary Street, the cornerstone being laid that same year.</p><br>
<p>To help place developments in Redcliffe within the context of fire fighting in Queensland, it is useful to note events and building trends in nearby Brisbane. Brisbane&#39;s first fire station had been built in 1869, for the City Volunteer Fire Brigade, established in 1868. The Fire Brigades Act 1881 detailed a new structure for Fire Brigade Boards, and led to the creation of the Brisbane Fire Brigade. The first professional firemen appeared in 1889. In 1890 a brick Headquarters station was built on the corner of Ann Street and Edwards Street, and this was replaced in 1908 with a Headquarters at the corner of Ann Street and Wharf Street. The Fire Brigades Act Amendment Act 1902 allowed local authorities to establish their own volunteer fire brigades, and the Fire Brigades Act 1920 amalgamated the suburban brigades with the central brigade, thereby creating the Metropolitan Fire Brigade (MFB) in 1921.</p><br>
<p>The MFB operated eight fire stations in 1927, out of the 38 in Queensland. Sandgate built its own station in 1924, and joined the MFB in 1928. By 1949 the MFB operated 14 stations; 11 of these were built of timber, with five of the timber stations being two-storey. Each of Brisbanes three operational brick fire stations in 1949, Headquarters (1908), Woolloongabba fire station (1927), and Albion Fire Station (1927), had two or more floors. In 1941, Hamilton had received a two-storey timber fire station that was modelled on the Coorparoo Fire Station (1935), which had also been the model for Nundah Fire Station (1936) and Wynnum Fire Station (1938). The usual layout of these two-storey timber stations included a central appliance garage on the ground floor, flanked by a recreation room, kitchen, watch room, showers, toilet, laundry, and dormitory. A three bedroom Chief Officers residence occupied the first floor. The Redcliffe Fire Station shares this basic layout, if not the timber construction. In Brisbane, timber had been the material of choice between 1928 and 1941, and no new fire stations had been built for the MFB between July 1941 and February 1954, when Chermside became the first of Brisbanes "modern" brick fire stations. The Redcliffe Fire Station seems to occupy an architectural niche of its own, when compared to Brisbanes brick fire stations of the 1920s, and the brick fire stations of the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>The plans for the station at Redcliffe are signed by J.R. Hughes, who is listed in an advertisement from the period as a Quantity Surveyor with the Express Building Company, in Oxley Avenue, Redcliffe. Alex Smith, a well-known local builder, built the fire station. Smith owned the Renown Theatre in Margate (built 1940), and worked on a number of building projects for the military during World War Two. Frank Nicklin, the leader of the opposition, opened the Redcliffe Fire Station, built at a cost of £11,000, on 1 November 1949. The first Chief Officer was Brian Wallace, who served in this position for 28 years.</p><br>
<p>There have been some alterations and changes to the station over time. There was a watchtower on the original plans, sited above the laundry near the southwest corner of the building, but if this was built it no longer remains. A hose-drying tower and oil store was also built to the west of the recreation room. Only the base storey remains, clad in weatherboards and used as a gym. In 1973 a single-storey red brick extension was added to the south side of the station, designed by Peninsula Architects; a locker room was added south of the kitchen, the dormitory was extended south, and a new office was extended south from the original watch room. The extension also contained a new appliance garage. In 1987 a training centre with an attached high-rise simulation / hose-drying tower was built to the west of the fire station, but the centre is no longer used because of its condition. A tennis court that used to be located in the south west of the property has been removed. Inside the station, the doorway to a toilet, at the rear of the two-bay appliance garage, has been sealed; and the pit in the rear maintenance bay has been filled in. The first floor Chief Officer&#39;s residence remains largely intact, although the bedrooms and lounge are now used as offices for the Rural Fire Service.</p><br>
<p>The fire station had a wishing well and gardens, popular for wedding photos in the 1970s to 1990s.</p><br>
<p>After being decommissioned as a fire station, Moreton Bay Regional Council spent $2 million to redevelop the fire station as a community centre for arts and volunteering. It was reopened in its new role on 28 February 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The two-storey fire station faces east towards Oxley Avenue, with two square towers flanking its two central roller doors. Above the roller doors, at the roofline, are the words Redcliffe Fire Station 1948. The original station is constructed of multi-coloured red bricks in a stretcher bond, and a modern one-storey extension, constructed with similar materials, protrudes to the south of the station. A large V-shaped metal billboard stands just to the south of the station building, on the Oxley Avenue frontage.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor of the station contains a central two-bay garage, which is flanked on the north by three original rooms, and a stairway to the first floor in the northeastern tower. South of the two-bay garage are five rooms and an appliance garage. To the west are three rooms, and a maintenance garage, which is an extension of the main double garage. At the northwestern corner of the maintenance garage is the base floor of the original hose tower, and a side garage links the tower to the northern rooms of the station. The first floor contains four main rooms, plus a kitchen, bathroom, and toilet. Each tower also contains a small room. A stairway accesses the enclosed veranda on the west side of the first floor.</p><br>
<p>Just to the west of the main station, arranged in a row from north to south, are: a timber-clad garage, with two timber earth closets immediately to its west; a small red-brick fuel store with a curved concrete roof; and a five-storey training tower with a two-storey attachment to its west, and an attached one-storey training centre to its south, each of the components being built of red brick with a stretcher bond. The training centre is not of cultural heritage significance. The single-gabled timber garage has four windows on each of its north and south sides, and a loft door above its main entrance faces the rear of the brick fire station.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Redcliffe Fire Station was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 September 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Redcliffe Fire Station, along with its older subsidiary buildings, including the base of the old hose tower, the small brick fuel store, the timber garage, and two timber earth closets, is evidence of the development of fire-fighting services in Queensland. It is also evidence of the rapid transformation of Redcliffe from a holiday destination to a residential centre after the construction of the Hornibrook Bridge. The urbanisation of seaside resorts is a pattern in Queenslands history- one that can also be seen at Sandgate, Cleveland, Southport and Yeppoon. The development boom after 1935 was hampered by World War Two, but continued in the post-war period. The Redcliffe Fire Station was part of the Redcliffe Town Councils drive to develop Redcliffe&#39;s public infrastructure, and its existence was also made possible by another public work, the provision of a reliable water supply to Redcliffe in 1941.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Redcliffe Fire Station, opened in 1949, has an uncommon external architectural style, in that it resembles neither Brisbanes brick fire stations of the 1920s, nor Brisbanes brick fire stations of the 1950s. During the 1930s, Brisbane&#39;s fire stations were built with timber, and no fire stations were constructed in Brisbane between 1941 and 1954. Redcliffe thus preceded Brisbane in the move towards modern brick fire stations.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Redcliffe Fire Stations interior layout demonstrates the principal characteristics of a fire station of the period, which include: accommodation on the first floor for the Chief Officer; a central appliance garage on the ground floor, flanked by a dormitory, recreation room, watch room, showers, toilet, laundry and kitchen; a hose drying tower; an outdoor rear area for vehicle maintenance and cleaning; and close access to a main street. This ground floor plan is substantially intact, and resembles that of the two-storey timber fire stations built in Brisbane in the 1930s. The first floor of the original hose drying tower still remains, and the first floor Chief Officers residence remains in near-original condition.</p><br>
<p>Woody Point Memorial Hall is a heritage-listed school of arts at Hornibrook Esplanade, Woody Point, Moreton Bay Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Hubert George Octavius Thomas. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 March 2014.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Woody Point Memorial School of Arts, now known as the Woody Point War Memorial Hall, is a timber building located at the corner of Hornibrook Esplanade and Oxley Avenue, Woody Point. It was officially opened on 4 March 1922 and contains an honour board listing 94 men from the Redcliffe Peninsula who enlisted in World War I (WWI), along with the names of three war workers. The hall, which initially included a library and reading room, is a product of both the school of arts movement, and post-WWI efforts in Queensland to commemorate those who served and those who died in WWI. It demonstrates the "utilitarian" approach to war memorials, and continues to be used by the local community for multiple purposes, including WWI commemoration.</p><br>
<p>For many years the Redcliffe Peninsula was known as Humpybong, the name that the local Aboriginal people, the Ningy Ningy gave to the abandoned convict settlement (1824–25) at Red Cliff Point. In 1861 23,000 acres (9308 hectares) of the peninsula and the Petrie area were declared an agricultural reserve, and from 1862 onwards a number of farm portions were sold. Land at Woody Point was first sold in 1864. Very little development occurred on the Redcliffe Peninsula until the 1880s when the land speculation boom in Brisbane during this decade extended to the peninsula, and the area&#39;s identity as a seaside resort solidified at this time. However, agricultural use of much of the area continued into the 1940s.</p><br>
<p>A small township sprang up at Woody Point, principally because it was the closest point to Sandgate - to which a railway line opened in May 1882. A jetty was completed at Woody Point by March 1882, allowing ferries, carrying both passengers and goods, to arrive from Sandgate. The Woody Point jetty was extended in 1889-90; a new jetty opened in 1922, and a third incarnation opened in 2009. A number of vessels, including the Redcliffe, Pearl and Garnet, and later the Emerald, Olivine and Beryl, ran regular services between Sandgate and Woody Point. Ferry services continued until 1930.</p><br>
<p>Although the Redcliffe Peninsula was popular with holiday makers, residential development was hindered for many years by the peninsula&#39;s isolation. The Caboolture Divisional Board cleared the first road on the peninsula, running from Woody Point to Scarborough, in the early 1880s, and this road later became Oxley Avenue. A jetty was built near Redcliffe Point in 1885. The railway reached North Pine in 1888, but was not extended to Redcliffe, despite persistent local lobbying.</p><br>
<p>However, holiday visitors prompted the expansion of facilities at Woody Point, including a Post and Telegraph Office, general stores, a bakery, a butcher and a garage. The St Leonard&#39;s Hotel opened in 1883 (now the site of Palace Hotel), and the Belvedere Hotel opened in 1901. Boarding houses such as Lorneleigh, Bay View House, and Cambridge House were also built to cater for holiday makers. Fishing was a popular pastime, both from the jetty and along the beaches, and oyster leases provided produce for a local oyster factory. By 1902 "buses and wagonettes" were travelling between Woody Point and Redcliffe.</p><br>
<p>Another local pastime was sailing, and from 1884 an annual regatta took place. From 1938, with the exception of war years, the Humpybong Yacht Club has also conducted sailing activities on Bramble Bay. Celebrations following sailing events were held in the Woody Point Memorial School of Arts after its construction, and the Yacht Club also organized regular fund-raising dances in the hall.</p><br>
<p>The movement to erect a school of arts at Woody Point was underway by 1909. In March that year the Woody Point Progress Association was formed, and in October 1910 the Redcliffe Shire Council forwarded a plan to the Department of Public Lands for half an acre of land, sought for a school of arts by the Progress Association. A School of Arts Reserve (223) was surveyed off Reserve 358 in 1911, but the actual desired site was further southeast; and the current school of arts site was surveyed in February 1912. A Reserve for a School of Arts, Woody Point, Portion 231, of two roods (2023m2), was notified in the Queensland Government Gazette on 18 May 1912.</p><br>
<p>Schools of arts were a principal source of learning and instruction for Queensland adults in the 19th century and early 20th century when state secondary education was almost non-existent. Schools of arts and mechanics&#39; institutes emerged from a wider social movement of popular education and self-improvement in 19th century industrial Britain, and the school of arts movement found a fertile field in 19th century Queensland. Community organised and financed, these associations were the forerunners of government-funded libraries and technical colleges.</p><br>
<p>Mechanics institutes were formed initially to improve the education of working men and instruct them in various trades. Later their aims broadened and the institutes became a popular agency of adult education in general. Access to books by borrowing as subscribers provided an important educational and recreational service. The first mechanics institute was established in London in 1824; the first mechanics institute in Australia was established in Hobart in 1827, while the first mechanics institute in Queensland was formed at Brisbane in 1849. In Australia, mechanics&#39; institutes became known as schools of arts, reflecting a broader mix of educational, cultural and social roles, and the increasing influence of the middle classes in the movement. The provision of adult education, including formal classes in practical skills, was an important function of these "schools", but less formal activities such as debating, amateur dramatics, and the provision of a subscription library and reading room, were also encouraged.</p><br>
<p>As towns and districts were settled, local committees were formed to establish a school of arts with the aim to "promote moral, social and intellectual growth for the community". Schools of arts established in rural districts often served a wider community purpose than those established in urban areas. Whereas every school of arts established a library as part of their charter, the rural school of arts was likely to serve an equally important function as a public hall and as a focus for district identity. To 1880, only 26 schools of arts had been established in Queensland towns, although the government encouraged the construction of schools of arts by subsidising local fund-raising efforts. The movement grew rapidly during the 1880s and 1890s; so that by federation almost every town and settlement in the colony included a school of arts, or at least a reading room.</p><br>
<p>The typical school of arts was a timber building consisting of a public hall and two or three rooms for a subscription library, reading room or meeting room. In larger provincial centres, substantial masonry structures were erected. Although schools of arts buildings varied greatly in size, materials and style, a common element was that they were readily identifiable within the townscape. As a group, these buildings were important as symbols of progress and evidence of civilising forces at work. The construction of a school of arts in a particular community was seen as a sign that that community had "come of age".</p><br>
<p>Fund-raising for the Woody Point School of Arts had begun in 1911, with a function in the Redcliffe Hall, and in March 1912 a musical evening was held at "Evonsleigh", the home of Mr Martin, in aid of the Woody Point School of Arts, with over 70 persons present. Enthusiastic residents and committee members raised funds amounting to between £80 and £90 by the outbreak of WWI. At this point fund- raising ceased, and the money was placed in the name of the School of Arts committee in the Government Savings Bank.</p><br>
<p>At the end of the war, planning for a school of arts was recommenced. In July 1920 a meeting was called to form a committee to take forward the construction of a suitable building. Mr HR Sykes was elected President, Mr John Henry Cox, Hon. Secretary and Mr W Henderson, Hon. Treasurer, together with a committee of seven others. Around this time locals thought that the building would form a suitable WWI memorial. On 22 November 1920 the wish of the committee to "make the institution a patriotic one was given effect at a special public meeting when rule 1 was amended to read "the institution shall be known as the Woody Point Memorial School of Arts"". The new name was adopted locally from this time but was only given official approval by the Department of Public Instruction in September 1925.</p><br>
<p>Like all Australian communities, Woody Point was affected by the impact of WWI. Of the 330,770 Australians who embarked for overseas service in WWI, 58,961 died and 170,909 were wounded, went missing or became prisoners of war. This meant that around 69% of embarked personnel became casualties - or 21% of eligible Australian males. To date, no previous or subsequent war has had such an impact on Australia in terms of loss of life; almost every community in every Australian state lost young people. Even before the end of hostilities, memorials were being erected by Australian communities to honour local people who had served and died. These memorials were a spontaneous and highly visible expression of national grief; substitute graves for the Australians whose bodies lay in battlefield cemeteries in Europe and the Middle East.</p><br>
<p>WWI memorials took a variety of forms in Australia, including honour boards (from 1915), stone monuments (including obelisks, soldier statues, arches, crosses, columns or urns), tree-lined memorial avenues, memorial parks, and utilitarian structures such as gates, halls and clocks. In Queensland the soldier statue was the most popular choice of monument, while the obelisk predominated in southern states. Australia&#39;s first permanent WWI memorial to honour the men from a particular community was unveiled at Balmain in Sydney on 23 April 1916.</p><br>
<p>The argument over whether a war memorial should simply be a monument, or have a utilitarian function (the sacred versus the useful), was repeated all over Australia. The utilitarians believed that their approach was more enlightened and humane, and utility also appealed to local governments, as donations could offset the cost of needed infrastructure. However, monumentalists argued that utilitarian solutions were at the mercy of progress and would become outmoded over time. Monumentalists also believed that it was not really "commemoration", if a public resource that should have been built anyway was named a memorial. Post-WWI, most Australian localities decided on a monumental approach (60%), with only 22% choosing utilitarian buildings (mostly halls) and 18% choosing the compromise position of utilitarian monuments. Some communities solved the problem by building two memorials: one utilitarian, and one monumental. After World War II (WWII) the utilitarian form of memorial increased in popularity.</p><br>
<p>Memorial halls were an expensive form of utilitarian memorial, but banks were more ready to lend the money for projects with a commercial value; and subscribers knew they were providing a public resource as well as a memorial. Halls were also a common preference of the Returned Sailors and Soldiers Imperial League of Australia (RSSILA), as they provided an amenity for returned soldiers; although some feared that using the halls for entertainment would be disrespectful of the memorial purpose. Although the halls were for the use of returned soldiers, they also served multiple community functions. Early Queensland WWI memorial halls were opened in December 1919 (Coolangatta - a Methodist Memorial Hall and Soldiers&#39; Rest) and January 1920 (Pilton).</p><br>
<p>Outside Victoria, no state governments made direct grants for local WWI memorials except for the building of halls, hospitals and schools which were eligible for public money whether or not they were memorials. Federal assistance could include providing funds for employing returned soldiers for preparation of memorial sites; but no other assistance occurred until the Entertainments Tax Assessment Act 1916 was amended in 1924 to exempt functions held for the erection, maintenance or furnishing of war memorial halls. From 1927, payers of Federal income tax could also deduct gifts over £1 for construction or maintenance of public war memorials. However, by this time two thirds of the nation&#39;s WWI memorials had already been built. Fund-raising for local war memorials was thus a voluntary community effort, as was the case at Woody Point.</p><br>
<p>Memorial schools of art form a distinct sub-group of utilitarian war memorials, separate from memorial halls, in that they combine the educational mission of the school of arts movement with the utilitarian war memorial movement. Although they usually included a hall, they also included the library and reading room found in a typical school of arts building. The first memorial schools of arts in Queensland opened at Bald Hills (August 1920) and Caboolture (September 1920). Other early memorial schools of arts include Wooroolin (1921); and Kumbia, Elimbah and Woody Point, (all 1922). Some memorial schools of arts were established in pre-WWI halls or schools of arts buildings, such as at Cooran and Cooroy (both 1926), and Southport (1939). The majority of identified Queensland memorial school of arts buildings were of timber construction, but some used brick or concrete, including Wooroolin, Clayfield (1925), Morningside (1926), Innisfail (1930), and Pittsworth (1930). Demolished memorial schools of arts include Caboolture, Southport, Banyo (1925), Clifton (1926), Goodna (1927), Kedron (1928), and Bulimba (built by 1938).</p><br>
<p>There were some delays in the construction of the Woody Point Memorial School of Arts, in part due to fund-raising efforts for the tree-lined, bitumen-covered Anzac Memorial Avenue - the other utilitarian WWI memorial (opened in 1925) on the Redcliffe Peninsula. All but 30 stumps of the Memorial School of Arts were capped in December 1920, but the last stumps were not capped until November 1921, by returned soldiers. The Redcliffe sub-branch of the RSSILA, formed in 1920, actively assisted with the raising of the necessary capital for the building with various functions including afternoon teas, fetes, socials and dances (later the Woody Point Memorial School of Arts became the meeting place of the sub-branch). By December 1921 about £800 had been raised. The Commercial Bank of Australia had agreed to finance the scheme on securities given by seven Woody Point citizens, but sometime after the first stump capping this was changed to a private guarantee by JH Cox. As well as funds, practical items such as cups and saucers were donated.</p><br>
<p>Tenders were received by 24 September 1921. These ranged from £1000 to £1400. On the advice of the architect, Hubert Thomas, the tender of Messrs F and A Pitfield was accepted. HGO Thomas (1857-1922) immigrated to Brisbane from Wales in 1883. He practised as an architect in his own right from c.1885, and from 1898 onwards he lived and practiced at Sandgate, where he served on the local School of Arts Committee. Specialising in urban villas, Thomas became a Member of the Society of Architects, London, in 1904, and a Fellow of the Queensland Institute of Architects c.1910. He was the founder of the St Davids Society in Brisbane (extant by 1918), and was its President at the time of his death on the night of 1–2 March 1922, after the annual dinner of the society - two days before the Woody Point Memorial School of Arts was officially opened. Examples of his work include a villa in Hendra for Edward Jones, 1888-89 (`Dura, later `Glengariff&#39;) (Glengariff); the Bank of North Queensland, Childers, c.1900 (National Australia Bank); and 1919 additions to the Queen Alexandra Home in Coorparoo (Queen Alexandra Home).</p><br>
<p>The building he designed at Woody Point consisted of a hall 30 ft wide x 50 ft long (9.1m x 15.2m), plus a stage area 30 ft wide by 15 ft long (9.1m x 4.6m). Small wings on either side of the raised stage each contained a room 12 ft wide by 15 ft long (3.7m x 4.6m). Verandas on each side of the hall, south of the wings, accessed both the main hall and each wing, and there was an entrance porch on the southeast (front) elevation. Decorative battens (no longer extant) ornamented the front gable and the smaller porch gable; three roof ventilators (not extant) were located along the ridge, and a large flagpole stood in front of the entrance (since replaced by a smaller version). Originally, there were also timber fences either side of the hall. At some stage the front elevation of the hall was stuccoed.</p><br>
<p>On 4 October 1921, the President of the committee, Mr FW Whitehouse, and the Secretary, JH Cox, were authorized to have the building erected before Christmas. The contractors pushed on with the work and it was completed and handed over on 21 December 1921. It was originally intended to open the building on 26 January 1922, but this clashed with the schedule of the Queensland Governor, Sir Matthew Nathan. The opening was delayed so that he could open new jetties at Redcliffe and Woody Point on the same day as the Memorial School of Arts.</p><br>
<p>The Governor officially opened the Woody Point Memorial School of Arts, and unveiled its honour board, on the afternoon of 4 March 1922, following the inspection of a guard of honour provided by local returned servicemen. The honour board was made from a single plank of seasoned red cedar by Mr John Storie Jnr. This board hangs in the hall, and lists the names of 94 servicemen who enlisted from the peninsula (of whom seven died), along with three "war workers". The board was supposedly to be displayed with a captured German machine gun, allotted to the town as a war trophy.</p><br>
<p>The decision on who to name on a war memorial varied across Australia. While some only listed the dead, many also listed those who returned from service. War memorial committees were also lobbied to consider including people who missed the war for various reasons, including munitions workers. Three workers were listed on the Woody Point Honour Board; John Tebby, George Carpenter and CD Skene. In March 1919, The Queenslander newspaper reported the return of a contingent of 69 Queensland munition workers who had arrived home from Great Britain. The report stated the contingent comprised men who were ineligible for military service but had volunteered to undertake suitable war work. John Tebby and G. Carpenter were included among the list of the returned. CD Skene&#39;s (the other listed name) involvement in the war has not been verified. Charles Donaldson Skene, (a builder and contractor who died at age 69 in 1929) became a trustee for the Memorial School of Arts and according to his obituary played a major role in its establishment.</p><br>
<p>The Governor spoke at length about the library in the building, and the pleasures of reading. In 1922 the library had nearly 600 volumes; by 1923 it had 900 volumes, and the reading room was "well stocked with papers and periodicals". By 1931 there were 2035 books.</p><br>
<p>The Minister for Public Instruction, Mr John Huxham, was also present at the opening ceremony. He had apparently promised to provide a government subsidy for the fund-raising, at a rate of 10 shillings to the pound, but if this ever occurred, it was not mentioned at the opening. The "Brisbane Courier" newspaper simply noted that the Memorial School of Arts had been "built by public subscription as a memorial to the fallen soldiers of Humpybong". The opening ceremony was followed by afternoon tea and a ball was held in the hall that evening.</p><br>
<p>At the time of opening there was still a debt of £500. Although it was made a requirement of the original allocation of land by the Department of Public Lands in 1912, it was only in August 1923 that the initial group of trustees was nominated and ratified by the Department of Lands - Robert Train; Errol Henry Cowen; Charles Donaldson Skene; John Elliott and JH Cox.</p><br>
<p>By November 1923 almost £1600 had been spent on the hall, and £100 was still owed. The debt on the Memorial School of Arts was cleared in 1924. At this time returned soldiers paid 1 shilling per annum for membership, and Mrs ONeill was the librarian. In 1927, membership of the Memorial School of Arts was available for 10 shillings per annum or 3 shillings a quarter. By this stage the library, still run by Mrs ONeill, was open on Tuesday and Thursday 7-9 pm, and on Saturday 3-5 pm.</p><br>
<p>In 1928, alterations to the hall were carried out to enable movies to be shown. A bio-box (projection room) was constructed above the front entrance gable, as shown in photographs of the hall from this period. Talking pictures arrived on 27 September 1930, and were shown until 1937. The movies, according to advertisements in the local paper, were invariably followed by a dance. These dances were accompanied by a Victor piano bought for £135 by the committee, initially for silent movies.</p><br>
<p>With the opening of the Hornibrook Highway Toll Bridge in October 1935, residential development increased, along with the number of holiday makers, and more use was made of the Woody Point foreshore to pitch tents during the Christmas period. A bathing pavilion, designed by architect CE Plant, was built in 1937 opposite the Memorial School of Arts. During the Christmas period, when camping was popular around the peninsula, entertainment in the hall was a nightly affair.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1930s management of the hall by the trustees had declined in quality from previous years. A subsequent review by the Brisbane Land Agent on behalf of the Lands Administration Board recommended that the original gazettal be cancelled and the land re-gazetted under the trusteeship of the Redcliffe Town Council (established 1921). The Council having agreed to accept the trusteeship in 1938, it was gazetted as trustees in October 1943. At this time the land was re-gazetted as a "Soldiers Memorial Hall Reserve" (R983).</p><br>
<p>On 26 June 1943, as requested by the Council, the name of the hall was altered by the Department of Lands to Woody Point War Memorial Hall. The school of arts function ceased, the library closed and its books were transferred to form the nucleus of the council library. According to relevant by-laws gazetted on 8 May 1948, a management committee became responsible for the running of the hall.</p><br>
<p>Over time, a number of repairs and additions were made to the building. Minor repairs and refurbishment, for example, painting and roof repairs, were on-going. These often required fund-raising efforts to cover costs. An instance of this was an advertisement, for donations to buy bricks, which appeared in the "Redcliffe Herald" of April 1944. The brick fence (not extant) constructed at the front of the hall from this fund-raising effort was still visible in a photograph of the Hall taken in 1993. In 1952, the Memorial Hall was the only public hall on the peninsula.</p><br>
<p>In the 1950s, extensions, financed by Redcliffe Town Council, lengthened the hall by 25 feet (7.6m) to the northwest (stage end); to a new total length of 90 ft (27.4m). The extensions, which were carried out by Mr Bird at a cost of £1800, were officially opened on 5 March 1955. The Council paid for the new stage to be levelled and raised in November 1958 at a cost of £95. During the 1950s, the Eildon Croquet Club opened to the north of the hall, and part of the club extends onto the Memorial Hall Reserve.</p><br>
<p>By January 1964 toilets were installed in the western wing of the hall, replacing detached toilets located just northwest of the building. A small extension on the south side of the western wing, which now holds an accessible toilet, was built between 1964 and 1969. In February 1967 the reserve was re-gazetted with an area of 1 rood and 39.4 perches (2008m2).</p><br>
<p>While the hall changed its appearance over the years, it continued to be used by the community. The RSSILA, which later became the Returned Sailors, Soldiers and Airmens Imperial League of Australia (RSSAILA) and is now called the Returned and Services League (RSL), held its monthly meetings in the hall until its own dedicated premises was completed in 1954. Anzac Day ceremonies have been a familiar event in the hall since its inception and even when the ceremony was moved to the Pier Theatre in the 1950s, the luncheon to conclude the day was held in the hall. Over the years, social functions have been held in the hall, for instance the RSSAILA 1949 Christmas Party for the children of Ex-Servicemen. In 2014 the RSL continue to conduct formal Anzac Day and Remembrance Day ceremonies in the hall, in which the honour board plays a significant role.</p><br>
<p>The hall also hosted events for the Harmony Club, which was established in 1939 shortly before the start of WWII by Mr and Mrs W Begg, who were closely involved with the Woody Point Hall Committee. This Club held weekly dances and entertainment in the hall. During the war, the Club conducted Farewell Evenings for locals leaving to join the Forces and as time went by Welcome Home celebrations for returning servicemen. Service personnel based close by and those recuperating on the peninsula often attended the weekly dance in the hall. This Club continued to conduct dances until the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>During WWII, the monthly meeting of the Welfare Work Circle of the Women&#39;s National Emergency League (WNEL) was held in the library room in the Memorial Hall, where they made camouflage netting and woollen gloves, socks and balaclavas for British bomb victims during their working meetings. This same group held fund-raisers in the hall during the war years with the first of these being advertised as "Petticoat Lane" in 1941. The library was still in use during the early war years when the Welfare Work Circle made use of its room.</p><br>
<p>Local people indicate the importance of this hall in the social life of the area. The local community members speak fondly, the older ones almost reverently, on the broad range of activities held in the hall, which became very much a part of their lives. They talk of it as having a "sense of place" in the areas social memory. Some examples of organisations which have used the hall include: the Order of the Eastern Star; Royal Antediluvian Order of Buffaloes; Redcliffe Musical Arts Society; Redcliffe Eisteddfod Committee; Redcliffe Youth Club, Redcliffe Marching Girls, and the Indoor Bowls Club. The Humpybong Yacht Club, the Woody Point and Clontarf Progress Association, the Queensland Country Womens Association, Redcliffe Citizens Cultural Club, and the Pensioners League held monthly meetings in the hall. In addition, local dance schools made use of the hall, including the Sylvena School of Dancing (later became the Sharon Alback Dance School); and the Sylvia Curie Dance School. Alan and Pat Boulton still hold modern dance classes in the hall every Friday evening.</p><br>
<p>During the Christmas school holidays, church services were held in the hall to cater for those campers who came regularly to the peninsula to stay in the tent cities which sprang up around Woody Point and Clontarf. Local election campaigns, such as those of Joe Grant in 1922, and Joe Grice in 1939, were also launched in the hall. In 1924, the Redcliffe Town Council met in the hall on the last Tuesday of each month. Mr Frank Nicklin, a Queensland Premier, spoke at the hall in his State election campaign. During WWII it was a distribution point for ration cards. It has served, and continues to serve, as a voting booth for all elections. Wrestling and boxing events have also been held in the hall. Music appreciation classes were being held there as late as the 1990s. Some of the hall&#39;s tenants utilized the stage and its dressing rooms to perform plays and musical theatre. In addition, the hall has been used for many fund-raising events; for example, the Cancer campaign with a "Dark Night" Masquerade Ball. The Redcliffe Historical Society used the hall for fund-raisers; and fetes aimed at fund-raising have occurred, while card parties have been held during the years. Local schools have also made regular use of the hall for balls and concerts.</p><br>
<p>In 2014 permanent bookings are held by the Bethesda Baptist Church; Margate, Woody Point and Clontarf Pensioners League; AA Volunteers; Legal Aid; Healing and Reconciliation outreach. The hall is used regularly for dancing groups and classes - as it apparently had the best dance floor on the peninsula - and for social occasions such as birthday parties and wedding receptions. The Lions Club of Kippa-Ring acts as caretaker.</p><br>
<p>The hall continues to serve as an enduring and well-used war memorial and multi-purpose community venue into the 21st century. As at 2017, it is owned and operated by the Moreton Bay Regional Council.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Woody Point Memorial School of Arts stands on a 2,008 m&sup2; wedge-shaped allotment on the corner of Hornibrook Esplanade and Oxley Avenue in Woody Point. It is a modest building at the southern end of a fenced yard, facing south to the street intersection.</p><br>
<p>The T-shaped building is a low-set, one-storey, timber-framed structure, comprising a large hall at the front and a stage with projecting side wings at the rear. It is clad with timber chamferboards, the boards of the front facade are stuccoed with a rough render. The hip and gable roof is clad with corrugated metal sheets. The two periods of construction (1921 and 1955) are discernible; the original, front part is set on short concrete posts with a timber battened perimeter skirt and the later, back part is set on concrete perimeter walls.</p><br>
<p>The front of the hall is symmetrical, featuring a gable with a bargeboard supported by decorative timber brackets. The entrance is central, sheltered under a gable roofed porch. A flagpole stands near the front, centred on the elevation. Either side of the front porch are windows with decorative timber hoods. These have modern aluminium- framed sliding sashes below original timber-framed fanlights.</p><br>
<p>Along both sides of the hall are further windows with timber hoods. The projecting wings generally have aluminium-framed, sliding sash windows. On either side of the building is a timber-framed deck providing access to the hall interior via original timber braced and board double doors with glazed fanlights. Across the rear elevation is a timber-framed verandah providing access to the back of the stage. The rear elevation has a door to the understorey.</p><br>
<p>Entered from the front porch via double timber board doors, the hall is a large, well-proportioned space with a high coved ceiling. It has a timber floor and v-jointed timber board walls to plate rail height, above which the walls are clad with sheet material with timber cover strips. The ceiling at the front of the hall is lined with v-jointed timber boards, changing to sheet material and timber cover strips for the remainder. Adjacent to the front door are timber cupboards.</p><br>
<p>Mounted on the northeast wall of the hall is a timber World War I honour board. It features decorative timber mouldings, including a curved and scrolled timber top with painted crossed Australian and British flags. It lists servicemen and war workers.</p><br>
<p>Under the raised stage floor is a storage area accessible from the hall. A proscenium arch is flanked by doors onto the stage reached via timber stairs and a timber board door opens from the stage into the wings on both sides. The layout of the wings comprises a change room and a large, modern kitchen in the eastern wing and toilets, a small store room and a change room in the western wing. The kitchen and bathroom fitouts are modern and are not of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<p>At the northern end of the hall grounds part of the adjacent croquet club&#39;s building extends into the heritage boundary, this is not of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Woody Point Memorial Hall was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 March 2014 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Woody Point Memorial School of Arts, opened in 1922, is a record of Queenslands involvement in a major world event. WWI memorials, including buildings with honour boards, are a tribute to those who served, and those who died, from a particular community. Often the focus of ANZAC Day and Remembrance Day ceremonies, they are an important element of Queenslands towns and cities and are also important in demonstrating a common pattern of commemoration across Queensland and Australia.</p><br>
<p>The place is important surviving evidence of the school of arts movement in Queensland. This form of adult education flourished during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, promoting self-improvement by providing a subscription library.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The former Woody Point Memorial School of Arts is an early, intact, well-utilised, and representative example of this type of utilitarian WWI memorial: a building with a dual role of commemoration and providing a community learning and entertainment space.</p><br>
<p>The building is sited in a prominent and highly visible location within its community; it provides hall space and a stage, and retains its library and reading room spaces. It has been extended and modified over time to accommodate its continuing use and changing community needs.</p><br>
<p>The honour board within the hall provides a focus for the building&#39;s memorial purpose, and its listing of local war workers is unusual.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Commemorations held in the hall reflect the wider reverence felt for such memorials across Australia. As a focus for ANZAC Day ceremonies the building and its honour board is highly valued by the community for its spiritual, symbolic, cultural and social associations.</p><br>
<p>The Woody Point Memorial School of Arts (former) has been in continuous community service since its establishment; first as a memorial school of arts, and then as a memorial hall. A heavily utilised building, and a source of fond memories for generations, it has a demonstrated longstanding and ongoing social and cultural association with the Woody Point community, and the Redcliffe sub-branch of the Returned and Services League.</p><br>
<p>The Cave of Zeus  is a show cave located in Kuşadası, Aydın Province, in the Aegean Region of western Turkey.</p><br>
<p>The cave is within Dilek Peninsula-Büyük Menderes Delta National Park, immediately west of the town of Güzelçamlı in Kuşadası district. It is situated about 200 m west of the national parks entrance at Dilek Peninsula. The cave is reached by a 20 m long slippery, stoney trail southwards. The caves mouth is hidden from view, as it is covered with trees, plants and flowers. The cave can be accessed from the district&#39;s center of Kuşadası via dolmuş, which shuttle the route to and from Güzelçamlı regularly.</p><br>
<p>The cave was formed as a result of a sinkhole eroding a kalk formation by a subterranean river. Its base has the shape of a pool. The blue-green colored carbonated mineral water of the cave is a brackish mixture of spring water from the mountain and salty seawater. The deep pool attracts the attention of local and foreign visitors year-round for bathing and swimming. The cave is 10 - deep and 10 - wide with a length of 20 m.</p><br>
<p>According to Ancient Greek mythology, Zeus, the Olympian ruler of the skies, used to hide in the cave to escape the fury of his brother Poseidon, the ruler of the seas after Zeus angered him. Poseidon, in his wrath, would unleash very high waves and other dangerous water conditions with his trident. As a popular habit visitors tie a cloth piece on a wishing tree next to the cave&#39;s mouth in the hope that their wish comes true.</p><br>
<p>Pine Rivers Shire Hall is a heritage-listed town hall at 238 Gympie Road, Strathpine, Moreton Bay Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1889 to 1935. It is also known as Pine Divisional Board Hall, Pine Rivers Shire Hall, and Pine Shire Hall. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The rectangular first stage of this single-storeyed timber shire hall was built in 1889 and there have been three main extensions.</p><br>
<p>The Pine Rivers area was opened up for selection during the 1860s. Settlers moved in, villages began to develop and the railway reached Strathpine in 1887. The Pine Rivers area was part of the Caboolture Divisional Board until 1888 when the Pine Divisional Board was gazetted. Early in 1889 the board called for tenders for a building 45 by 25 feet (13 by 7.5 metres) and L Macklewright&#39;s tender for £229/18/6 was accepted.</p><br>
<p>The hall was used for division business and as a venue for social activities and by church groups. The first extension was the front extension, probably during the early 1890s. As a result of the Local Government Act of 1902 the Board changed their name to the Pine Shire Council. In 1905, a skillion roofed office at the rear of the hall was constructed. The Strathpine Patriotic League, in 1921, commissioned an honour board to be hung in the hall. In 1924 the end wall was lined to better display the war memorial and photographs. During 1932 there were two additions made to the hall along the southern elevation; an office 20 by 25 feet (6.096 by 7.62 metres) and a glassed in side verandah about 36 by 14 feet (10.97 by 4.27 metres). The strong room was added to the 1932 additions about 1935.</p><br>
<p>During the Second World War the hall was used by the US Army as a recreational hall. Afterwards the hall continued to be well patronised as a social and recreational venue. In the early 1950s the hall was leased to A Charles Spencer as a picture theatre. In 1959, the Pine Shire became the Pine Rivers Shire Council and in 1960 they moved into the new brick Shire Office built beside the Shire Hall.</p><br>
<p>During the 1960s the hall and side verandah were used for the councils building and engineering sections. A door was cut into the northern elevation to provide access to the engineers section. The front office was rented as a real estate office, and office space was provided for a visiting bank officer and doctor. The office in 1970s was the site of the first shire library. By 1978-79 the site was vacated by council officers and it was in a very dilapidated condition. It was refurbished during the 1980s and was leased in July 1985 to a theatre group. With the growth of the shire extra accommodation was required. A new Civic Centre was opened in 1974 and an Administration building in 1978. In 1986, the councils expanded office staff, required the re-use of the 1959 shire offices, and the building is now the health offices.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>This single-storeyed chamferboard building with a corrugated iron gabled roof is located fronting Gympie Road and is part of a group of Pine Shire Council buildings. The building sits on timber stumps with batten infill panels to the perimeter. The roof over the hall features four metal ridge ventilators and a single lancet shaped vent to the front and rear gables.</p><br>
<p>The street elevation has a verandah with a corrugated iron roof and cross braced timber balustrades. The building is painted to indicate the two major stages of construction with different decorative timber work to the verandah and two entrance stairs. The entrance doors to the hall are timber panelled with a fanlight but are not used in the current layout. At the rear of the L-shaped building is an attached dressing room with a corrugated iron skillion roof, single skin chamferboard walls and pine board raked ceiling.</p><br>
<p>The hall has a flat boarded ceiling which is raked on either side and features circular fretwork vents. The walls are lined with fibrous cement sheets with timber cover strips and the multi-paned windows pivot horizontally at the centre. The room has raised freestanding seating at the street end and a raised stage opposite, with lighting and curtains hung from the ceiling by metal supports.</p><br>
<p>On the southern side is a child-care room with a corrugated iron skillion roof. The original windows to the hall have been enclosed and the external walls of weatherboard and vertically jointed boards have been lined with fibrous cement sheets. A rear porch and stairs are attached to the southwest.</p><br>
<p>On the southern side, at the rear of the office, is a concrete strongroom with a steel door. The office has been partitioned with a kitchen and storeroom. The walls have a dado with vertically jointed boards below and pine plywood panelling above to the picture rail. The ceiling and upper walls are lined with fibrous cement sheets with timber cover strips and the casement windows have pressed metal sunhoods on the southeast.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Pine Rivers Shire Hall was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>With the associated council buildings, the hall demonstrates the growth of the Pine Rivers Shire Council from 1888 to the present day.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The hall is an example of a late 1880s local government building.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The hall has aesthetic value and contributes to the streetscape of the Pine River Shire Council group of buildings.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The hall has an important role in the community life of Pine Shire residents.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>With the associated council buildings, the hall demonstrates the growth of the Pine Rivers Shire Council from 1888 to the present day.</p><br>
<p>Jaskinia Niedźwiedzia  - is the longest cave in Śnieżnik Mountains part of Sudety mountains discovered in 1966, located near village Kletno in Poland. Famous from many excavations of the cave bear .</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first 200 m of the cave was discovered in October 1966 during the mining process in new established quarry Kletno III. In 1967 new corridors were discovered: middle parts Sale pałacowe - (eng. Palace Halls) and in January 1972 also lowest parts. The new parts of the cave was uncovered in the years 2014-2015. Summary cave has total length over 2 km and currently is the longest cave in Sudety mountains.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The cave is situated on right side of the valley of the stream Kleśnica in the massive of Śnieżnik Kłodzki part of Sudety mountains. Jaskinia niedźwiedzia is located at 790 m a.s.l. on Góra Stroma mountain (1166,8 m).</p><br>
<h2>Fossil Animal Remnants</h2><br>
<p>Inside the cave was found rich bone material of Pleistocene animals mostly mammals like brown bear, cave lion, hyena, wolf, wild boar and others. Among bone material dominant was bones of cave bear - almost 90% of excavations.</p><br>
<p>The Penobscot Salmon Club is a historic private fishing club on North Main Street and the Penobscot River in Brewer, Maine. Established in 1887 and incorporated in 1894, it is the oldest fishing club in the United States, and a rare surviving 19th century gentleman&#39;s outdoor club. Its facilities on the banks of the river, dating to 1923, were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Penobscot Salmon Club occupies a largely wooded 4 acre property north of downtown Brewer, roughly opposite the Eastern Maine Medical Center in Bangor. The site is located next to a shoals on the Penobscot River that has long been known for its productive fishing. The present clubhouse, built in 1923, is a rectangular single-story wood frame structure with a gable roof and wooden shingle siding. The entrance is at one of the gable ends, and a long covered porch extends along its water side. The interior of the building is open, with lockers and racks for fishing rods.</p><br>
<p>The history of organized fishing at the site of the pool on the Penobscot dates to 1887, when a large clubhouse was built at the site of the present one. The fishing club was formally incorporated in 1894, and the present building, smaller than the original, was built as a replacement in 1923. One of the clubs notable traditions has been to send the first salmon caught each season to the President of the United States. The clubs property is planned to host a museum dedicated to the Atlantic salmon fishery.</p><br>
<p>The Lincoln School is a historic former one-room schoolhouse at 8 Orchard Road in Acton, Maine. Built in 1884, it is the best-preserved of the town&#39;s surviving district school buildings, and was its last active district school, closed in 1957. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Lincoln School is set at the southwest corner of Orchard and County Roads in rural southern Acton. It is a single-story wood frame structure, measuring 21 x, with a gable roof and clapboard siding. Two small additions extend the building to the rear. Its main facade, facing east, is symmetrically arranged, with a single door flanked by sash windows, and a third window in the gable above. The door opens into a vestibule area spanning the width of the building, with two doors providing access to the classroom. Privies are located in the first addition, and a woodshed in the second.</p><br>
<p>The school was built in 1884, replacing an older building. A few years after its construction, district schools were brought under control of the town (having previously been managed by an elected committee from the district), and a long-running process of consolidation was begun. The first district schools to be closed were in 1895. This school, however, remained open, receiving necessary modernization (addition of the privies and woodshed) following the introduction of state-level standards in 1909. Acton&#39;s last three district schools, this one among them, were closed in 1957. The building has since been used as a meeting place for the local 4-H club.</p><br>
<p>Southington Public Library, now known as the Southington Historical Center, is a historic building at 239 Main Street in Southington, Connecticut.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed in 1902 in a Classical Revival style with glazed terra cotta brick and granite and an original capacity for 6,000 books. Local mill owner and dairy farmer, Lucius V. Walkley, donated half the cost of the building when it opened, and Emma Bradley Yeomans Newell, another entrepreneur, left a bequest upon her death in 1917 for an addition to the library, which was constructed in 1930. In 1974 a new library building was constructed further down Main Street, and the Southington Historical Society took over control of the original library building. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Southington Historical Society</h2><br>
<p>The Southington Historical Society is located in the Southington Historical Center. The Society preserves the history of the town and the surrounding area, including the stewardship for the historic South End Schoolhouse and the West Street Schoolhouse. The Society hosts exhibits, lectures, programs and fundraisers. Displays include photos, area sports and school mementos, industry and business items, and military artifacts.</p><br>
<p>Lake Compounce Carousel is a historic carousel at Lake Compounce amusement park in Southington, Connecticut. It was designed by Charles I. D. Looff and built in 1890. A rare surviving operational Looff carousel, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Lake Compounce Carousel is located on the southern portion of the amusement park grounds, separated from the northern shore of Lake Compounce by a water slide and the Starlight Theater. The carousel is housed in a 12-sided wooden structure topped by a scallop-shingled roof with a monitor center and a central cupola. The roof is supported by wooden posts set on piers, with balustrades between the piers. The carousel has a platform 45 ft in diameter, with 18 rows of riding positions. Sixteen of these positions consist of horse figures three abreast. Of the other two, two of the three positions are taken up by a stationary chariot, and in one of those, the third position is occupied by a goat. The horses are each uniquely painted, and are set in a variety of poses and facial attitudes. The decorative elements of the platform assembly are original.</p><br>
<p>The carousel was built about 1890 at the Charles Looff factory in Riverside, Rhode Island. It was originally located at Savin Rock Amusement Park in West Haven, Connecticut, and was moved to Lake Compounce in 1911. At that time it was also modified by Tim Murphy to include a recently designed mechanism for making the horses go up and down.</p><br>
<p>Wee Haven is a historic house located at 1509 West Park Avenue in Champaign, Illinois. The Prairie School house was built in 1925; its design came from a plan which architect Charles Saxby Elwood had published in Fruit, Garden and Home magazine the previous year. As is typical in Prairie School designs, the house has a heavy emphasis on horizontality, as can be seen in its low massing, flat roof with wide eaves, and casement windows with art glass. The houses various ornaments, which include tile prairie flowers, a wooden apron and string course, and fascia along the eaves, also add to its horizontal focus. The houses fireplace, its most distinctive Prairie School interior feature, has a tile hearth with a brick surround and two more decorative tile flowers.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 15, 2011.</p><br>
<p>The William Dillard Homestead is a historic homestead property in rural northeastern Stone County, Arkansas. It is located on the Round Bottom area northeast of Mountain View, on a plateau above the river&#39;s flood plain. It consists of two log structures, both now used as barns, that were built c. 1837, and are the oldest standing structures in the county. A single-pen log cabin stands on rough stone piers, and is covered by a gable roof. The walls are rough-hewn logs, joined by V notches. A shed-roof ell extends on the southern side of the structure, and more modern box-constructed sheds are attached to the north and east sides. A double crib barn stands across the road from the cabin.</p><br>
<p>The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Watseka Union Depot is a historic railway station located on South Second Street in Watseka, Illinois. The depot was built in 1906 to accommodate traffic on the Chicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad through the city; it also served the Toledo, Peoria and Western Railways line. Railway service through Watseka began in 1858, when the Peoria and Oquawka Railroad  opened a line through the city; the Chicago, Danville and Vincennes Railroad, which became part of the C&EI, began passenger service to Watseka in 1871 and soon accounted for the bulk of the citys rail traffic. The TP&W provided a plan for the new depot in 1904, which was similar to other stations along its line. The Watseka Womens Club provided planning input on the citys behalf; their influence resulted in the addition of a womens waiting room and a more monumental station with a depot park, both uncommon elements in a station serving a city of Watsekas size. By 1916, the new station served six trains which started or ended service in Watseka and twelve through routes; the line through Watseka remained profitable through the 1940s, and the city retained C&EI service until 1971.</p><br>
<p>The depot was nominated for the National Register of Historic Places in 1988; it was determined eligible, but was not listed due to an objection from the railways that owned the station. In 1989-90, the building was moved to save it from demolition; its National Register eligibility was revoked due to the move, but it was nominated again and listed on December 22, 1999.</p><br>
<p>The A. Herr and E. E. Smith Public Library is a historic public library located at 105 Adams Street in Loda, Illinois. The librarys origins date back to 1858, when the Loda Literary Society was formed. The society originally had no permanent site for its book collection, and it traveled through several town buildings before the society formed a committee to establish a permanent library in 1894. A new library was funded through a gift from Eliza E. Smith, a Pennsylvanian and the sister and heir of A. Herr Smith; A. Herr Smith had business interests in Loda and had grown fond of the area. The library was incorporated in 1896, and construction on the new library building was completed in 1897. In addition to housing the towns book collection, the library also held books for the local public school and served as the Loda Historical Societys archives and the Oakalla Culture Clubs meeting room.</p><br>
<p>The library was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 4, 1995.</p><br>
<p>Sweeney&#39;s Reserve is a heritage-listed park at Old Dayboro Road, Petrie, Moreton Bay Region, Queensland, Australia. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 11 December 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Sweeney&#39;s Reserve is a picnic ground located on the banks of the North Pine River in the suburb of Petrie to the north of Brisbane. It was used as a rafting ground in the early period of the timber getting industry. Later, the Brisbane to Gympie Road crossed the North Pine River here and the park contains the remains of this road. The remnants of timber bridge piles are located in the adjacent reach of the river. Between World War I and World War II it became a popular picnic and bathing spot maintained by Terence Patrick Sweeney, the owner of small kiosk in the reserve. The picnic ground is named after him.</p><br>
<p>The area may have been used by timber getters as early as the 1840s. The Pine River area was among the first in Queensland to be logged: convict timber getters were recorded in the area in 1824. The north coast region had a long-lived timber industry, eventually developing into one of the State&#39;s most productive timber regions by the middle of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Since timber was the most viable and easily accessible natural resource it was one of the first resources to be exploited by settlers. As a consequence, timber getters entered undeveloped districts which had few, if any roads. So rivers like the Pine were crucial to the viability of the industry. Not only did the sought-after soft woods generally grow in river valleys, but the rivers also represented the most practical way of transporting logs out of the district to market. Rafting grounds were places were logs were assembled in rivers and floated downstream to the sea.</p><br>
<p>The present Sweeneys Reserve was probably being used as such at least as early as 1859. The Winn family began logging in the district at about this time and family members indicate that the location was used for this purpose. However, it was probably used as a rafting ground before this. When travelling through the area in 1858, Tom Petrie encountered John Griffin, a local pastoralist, carting logs to the tidal reaches of the North Pine River from where they could be rafted out to sea. The encounter took place not far from the present Sweeneys Reserve. Griffin was probably headed for this location which, at the time, was the closest point of the river influenced by tides and the nearest point from where logs could have unobstructed passage to the sea. Given that loggers were recorded on the Griffin property as early as 1847, it is possible that the rafting ground had been in use for some time.</p><br>
<p>The location meets the essential criteria for a rafting ground: it is close to the "head of navigation", that is, logs could have clear passage to the sea from here; access to the water is easy because the banks are low; there is a wide expanse of relatively flat ground adjacent to the river where logs could be handled and temporarily stored; and the river can be forded here so that both banks could be used.</p><br>
<p>The river fords use as part of a route probably commenced as early as 1860. After Tom Petrie, the districts first settler, established his nearby Murrumba homestead in 1859, he marked a route to Bald Hills which probably crossed the river at the present Sweeney&#39;s Reserve. At the onset of closer settlement in 1862, the ford was surveyed as a road reserve suggesting that the route was well established by this time.</p><br>
<p>By 1865, the ford probably formed part of the main northern route to Maryborough. This route had been first established in the 1840s to provide access to the Archer Brothers Durundur Station and it later extended to Maryborough via the Mary River. The original North Pine River crossings on this route were some distance upstream. However, the Select Committee Report on Roads (1863) and Pughs Almanac (1865) suggests that a route via the present Sweeney&#39;s Reserve was emerging as a favoured alternative by the mid-1860s although the road was unformed and very poor. The original crossing points probably continued to be used for some time.</p><br>
<p>The importance of the ford in the current Sweeneys Reserve grew after the discovery of gold at Gympie Creek in 1867. Prospectors initially travelled to the gold fields via the Durundur road or by sea. By 1868, a more direct land route to the gold fields was marked via the ford and Petries homestead. This was the forerunner of the present Gympie Road. Cobb and Co commenced using the route from this time and Murrumba was their first coach stop. Since the ford could only be crossed at low tide, it is believed that Tom Petrie operated a punt across the river. The ford was now part of the main Brisbane to Gympie road as well as probably being part of the earlier northern route via Durundur.</p><br>
<p>For a time, the ford possibly vied with other crossings further upstream. However, the establishment of a nearby hostelry by Petrie in about 1870 suggests that a growing volume of traffic was using it. In 1872, the opening of a post office in the hostelry marked the beginning of the small settlement of North Pine (now the suburb of Petrie) near the ford.</p><br>
<p>In 1877, a low level bridge was built next to the ford. It was named Sir Arthurs Bridge&#39; after the governor of Queensland, Sir Arthur Kennedy, who performed the opening ceremony. 320 feet (97.5m) long and 18 feet (5.5m) wide, it cost less than £2500. The ford continued to be used by travelling stock until well into the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was designed by the Inspector General of Roads, Mr J. F. Byerley. It was largely undistinguishable from other similar scale bridges of the era except for the innovative design of the piles which are still visible at low tide. These were encased in eight to twelve inches (20.3 to 30.5 cm) of concrete from three feet (91.4 cm) below the bed of the river to three feet below the corbels. This was designed to protect the piles from the attacks of a marine insect called teredo navalis or cobra. A similar method was used on a bridge over the Logan River at Waterford. The road at the approaches to the bridge was formed on long embankments; these are still extant in Sweeney&#39;s Reserve. The bridge remained part of Gympie Road until 1936, when a higher bridge, less subject to flooding, was completed further downstream and the road was diverted to cross there.</p><br>
<p>The reserve&#39;s popularity as a picnic spot may date from the arrival of the North Coast railway line in March 1888. The railway greatly improved accessibility to places outside of Brisbane and it soon became the preferred means of land travel for medium-to-long distances. Access to the rail network remained crucial to the development of tourist locales until late in the interwar period. Given its close proximity to Brisbane, it is likely that pleasure trippers began to visit North Pine soon after the railway opened. The reserve was an easy walk from the Petrie railway station and it was heavily used by picnickers at least as early as 1912. By 1921, the council had erected lavatories and two bathing sheds on the reserve. Joe Findlay, a returned serviceman, operated a kiosk selling refreshments. Over 1000 people from Brisbane and the surrounding districts visited the spot each Sunday during the Christmas holidays.</p><br>
<p>In 1924, the changing use of the reserve was officially acknowledged when the section of land not occupied by the road was gazetted as a recreational reserve. The Land Commissioner also granted Pine Shire Council control of it recognising that they were maintaining the amenities. At the same time a lease agreement was established with Findlay for the land occupied by his kiosk.</p><br>
<p>Thomas Patrick Sweeneys long involvement with the reserve began in about 1926 when he became lessee of the kiosk. Sweeneys interests soon extended to the whole of the reserve on which his livelihood depended. In 1928, when a flood washed away the bathing sheds and lavatories, Sweeney erected temporary structures clad in calico. It was noted in official correspondence that he was "using practically the whole of the area of the reserve". When it was declared a sanctuary for the protection of birds and animals in 1929, Sweeney was appointed an officer under the Animals and Birds Acts 1921 to 1924.</p><br>
<p>In 1932, Sweeney was granted a special lease on a "peppercorn" rent for all of the reserve. Pine Shire Council had relinquished control in 1931 to avoid the ongoing cost of replacing and repairing amenities washed away by the annual flooding of the river. Under the terms of the 21-year lease, Sweeney had to allow free public access, erect suitable amenities and act as caretaker of the reserve.</p><br>
<p>Sweeney lived with his family in his house on the reserve probably until his death in 1969. During much of his long tenure, the reserve remained a very popular picnic and swimming spot and he continued to operate his kiosk. It was a favoured location for families from Brisbane and the local area, for companies annual picnics and school break-ups. In the late 1920s, a local band played on alternate Sundays. Swimming in the river was the main attraction: races were held, rope swings were tied to overhanging trees for the benefit of swimmers, and locals swam there on hot summer nights. The Sweeneys pet emus and kangaroos were another attraction.</p><br>
<p>By the 1950s, the popularity of the reserve was declining. The post-war period saw a major change in leisure destinations stemming from increased annual holidays, increased car ownership and better roads. Resorts on the Gold Coast and the Sunshine Coast now became the favoured weekend destinations for Brisbane people. In 1957, it was reported that the reserve was overgrown with groundsel and that it was almost impossible to drive a car into it. When his lease expired in 1958, Sweeney, now aged in his 70s, was informed that it would not be renewed.</p><br>
<p>Pine Rivers Shire Council regained control of the reserve in 1961 but Sweeney, his wife and a daughter were allowed to continue living there. In 1974, the kiosk was dilapidated and disused; it was probably removed about this time. Sweeneys daughter, Patsy Eviston, continued to live at the reserve until the 1990s when she died. Their home was demolished soon after. Sweeneys Reserve is now maintained by the council as a popular picnic spot for families in the Petrie area.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Sweeney&#39;s Reserve is a grassy, partially wooded park on the north bank of the North Pine River in the outer Brisbane suburb of Petrie. The reserve is equipped with barbeques and a playground. Access is possible by foot along a concrete path that runs through the reserve from adjacent green areas or by vehicle via a bitumen roadway.</p><br>
<p>The roadway enters the reserve mid-way along its northern boundary and continues in a circuit through the park. The entrance comprises two tall wooden posts engraved with the name of the reserve. A brick lavatory block stands to the east of the access road near the entrance.</p><br>
<p>The eastern end of the reserve comprises a peninsular of land formed by the curve of the river and a wide inlet. Here, the terrain is open, quite level and grassy and the river banks are low. The edge of the water is largely obscured by a thick growth of mangroves.</p><br>
<p>The former river crossing is located at the eastern end of the reserve. The route of the old road is traced by a raised grassy embankment that curves through the reserve to the present entrance. A grove of camphor laurel trees grow over and beside the embankment where it passes through the central part of the reserve. A wooden bridge crosses a small gully that cuts through the embankment.</p><br>
<p>The playground and barbeque areas are located in the central part of the reserve near a bitumen car-park. These facilities are recent. The greater part of this section of the reserve is shaded by large trees which blend with the camphor laurels growing on the embankment.</p><br>
<p>The western end of the park is dominated by a fenced off-lead area for dogs. Another brick lavatory block is located close to this.</p><br>
<p>The banks of the river are quite accessible for the most part, though mangroves of varying density grow along it. A combined concrete canoe launching area and fishing spot is located on the bank towards the eastern end of the reserve.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Sweeney&#39;s Reserve was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 11 December 2008 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Sweeney&#39;s Reserve is important as a former river crossing of Gympie Road, an early rafting ground, and a picnic and swimming spot dating to the interwar period.</p><br>
<p>The reserve contains the remnants of the North Pine River crossing of Gympie Road as it existed between the 1870s and 1936. As the one of the earliest known remnants of the main coastal road north from Brisbane, the reserve provides uncommon evidence of the evolution of a route that was important in the development of the State&#39;s road network.</p><br>
<p>As the location of a rafting ground from as early as 1859, the reserve is important in providing rare surviving evidence of the early period of the timber industry in the coastal region north of Brisbane. The North Coast was one of the first areas to be exploited for its timber and it developed into one the States most productive timber regions by the middle of the 20th century. Due to the ephemeral nature of their activities, little evidence remains of timber getters activities during the earliest period of the industry.</p><br>
<p>The reserve is also indicative of leisure activities when the train was the primary means of transport. Located within walking distance of Petrie Railway Station, a short train trip from the city, the reserve was typically visited during the interwar period by over 1000 people on Sundays who combined a train trip with a day by the riverside picnicking and swimming.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The reserve is important in containing a rare recognisable remnant of Gympie Road as it existed prior to 1936. This takes the form of a raised embankment, formed in 1877, that traces the road approach to the bridge that crossed the North Pine River there. The remains of the bridge piles (1877) are also extant in the bed of the river. The road remnant was preserved after the position of the road was altered in 1936 due to the continued use of the area as a recreational reserve.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>As the site of the North Pine River crossing of Gympie Road from the 1870s until 1936, the reserve is an archaeological site that has the potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of this important road and the traffic that passed along it. For much of the period that the site was used as a river crossing, Gympie Road was the main route north from Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The reserve is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of rafting grounds where logs were assembled and floated to the ocean. It is located close to the highest navigable portion of the river: from here, logs could have unimpeded passage to the sea. Access to the water is easy because the banks are low, there is a wide expanse of relatively flat ground adjacent to the river where logs could be handled and temporarily stored, and the river could be forded so that both banks could be used.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>A large riverside reserve with clumps and groves of shady mature trees and open grassy flats, scattered with picnic areas and playgrounds, Sweeney&#39;s Reserve is valued for its peaceful park setting. Popular for relaxing, playing, picnicking and other informal leisure activities it offers pleasant vistas within and out.</p><br>
<p>The Prairie Dell Meetinghouse is a historic church building located at the junction of 2550 East and 2150 North Road west of Iroquois, Illinois. The church was built in 1870 by local farmers; it served congregations from multiple denominations and is the oldest known church in the area. The church has a vernacular frame design, common in rural churches of the period, with Greek Revival and Italianate details. Its Greek Revival features include its temple front, Doric columns and pediments at the entrance, and frieze, while its long, rectangular windows are its main Italianate element. The church housed both a variety of local, mainly Christian, congregations and many traveling preachers.</p><br>
<p>The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 12, 2005.</p><br>
<p>Murrumba Homestead Grounds is a heritage-listed site at 38 Armstrong Street, Petrie, Moreton Bay Region, Queensland, Australia. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 16 February 2009.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Murrumba Homestead Grounds, established by Tom Petrie in the 1860s, are situated at Petrie (earlier North Pine) on a low rise known locally as Murrumba Hill, and currently within the grounds of Our Lady of the Way Primary School and Parish Church. Murrumba Homestead was demolished in the early 1950s, but many early plantings associated with the occupation of this site by Tom Petrie and his family, survive - principally Bunya (Araucaria bidwillii), Hoop (Araucaria cunninghamii) and Kauri (Agathis robusta) pines and a large Weeping fig (Ficus benjamina) at the crest of the rise. These constitute one of the most extensive early (mid-nineteenth century) private garden plantings in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The Murrumba run was established in late 1859 by Thomas Petrie (1831-1910), third son of Andrew Petrie - the first non-convict, non-military European settler in Queensland, who arrived at the Moreton Bay penal colony with his family in 1837 when Tom was six years old. As a child, Tom was allowed to mix freely with children of the local Turrbal people and learned their customs and languages, making many friends among them. He travelled widely with the Turrbal, and in the mid-1840s attended a triennial Bunya festival in the Blackall Range. His ability to converse with Aboriginal people made Tom extremely well known in Brisbane, where he was sought out by explorers (including Ludwig Leichhardt), local business men, government bureaucrats and Queensland governors alike, for his knowledge of the area and its indigenous inhabitants and to assist in locating commercially exploitable timbers and in marking roads.</p><br>
<p>Tom did not follow his father and older brother John Petrie into the construction business, but chose a life on the land. In 1857 he married Elizabeth Campbell, sister of Brisbane timber and hardware merchant James Campbell. Looking for good grazing land in the vicinity of Brisbane, Petrie sought advice on a suitable area from his friend Dalaipi, a distinguished elder of the North Pine clan. Dalaipi recommended land at the mouth of the Pine River and promised to protect Petrie, his household and his cattle. The assistance offered to Petrie was a mark of the regard in which he was held by Aboriginal people and made it possible for him to live in a place generally considered unsafe for European settlers. Several violent incidents had occurred in the district, including spearings of Europeans and Aboriginal deaths at the hands of the Native Police.</p><br>
<p>The area recommended by Dalaipi had been taken up in the 1840s by Captain Griffin as the Redbank section of the Whiteside pastoral run. Mrs Jane Griffin was willing to sell Petrie the lease to ten square-mile sections, reputedly because the frontier violence made it impossible for her to work the land effectively. The area she ceded to Petrie extended from Sideling Creek in the west to Redcliffe Point in the east, and was bounded on the south by the North Pine and Pine rivers. Petrie named his run Murrumba, meaning "a good place". Most of the land was open woodland of gum, ironbark, oak and bloodwood - the product of centuries of regular firing by Aborigines - with vine scrub restricted to small pockets in low-lying areas. With the help of a small group of Dalaipi&#39;s people Petrie cleared two acres and built a hut and stockyard near Yebri Creek, below Murrumba Hill.</p><br>
<p>From 1860 Tom Petrie became heavily involved in the timber industry. Since the 1840s his family had exploited the Hoop pine (Araucaria cunninghamii) that gave the Pine River its name, and at Murrumba Creek a rafting ground was established, where pines cut from the Pine River district were rafted to Brisbane via Sandgate. In 1860, with the assistance of Aboriginal friends, Tom Petrie accompanied Brisbane sawmill proprietor William Pettigrew to Tin Can Bay, the Mary River and Fraser Island in search of commercially exploitable timbers, paving the way for the exploitation of the giant Kauri pine (Agathis robusta). Petrie also explored the North Coast between the Blackall Range and the sea, looking for stands of valuable red cedar (Toona australis) and reporting on the commercial value of other indigenous timbers. Working with William Pettigrew and employing Aboriginal labour, he extracted considerable quantities of cedar and hardwoods from the Maroochy area to build up capital to develop Murrumba. The Bunya pine (Araucaria bidwillii) of the Blackall Ranges he did not exploit, even after the new Queensland colonial government in 1860 rescinded New South Wales Governor George Gipps&#39; 1842 legislation prohibiting the issuing of occupation or timber licenses on Bunya lands in the North Coast district as far as the Maroochy River and west to the Great Dividing Range. Like his father Andrew, who had been instrumental in the declaration of this reserve, Tom Petrie understood that the Bunya pines and the ranges in which they were found were sacred to Aboriginal people.</p><br>
<p>To facilitate his timber operations Tom Petrie marked out several early northern roads, including a track between the Pine River and Bald Hills and a trail from Murrumba to Maroochydore, which later became the Gympie Road. He also blazed a track from North Pine to Humpybong (Redcliffe).</p><br>
<p>Petrie held the 10 square miles Murrumba leasehold for less than three years. Early in 1861 the government survey office identified an area of 28,000 acres bounded on the south by the North Pine and Pine rivers, to the east by Moreton Bay (Redcliffe Point), and to the north by Deception Bay, as potential farming land. This was proclaimed on 31 May 1862 as the Redcliffe Agricultural Reserve. The square-mile pastoral leases over this area - including Murrumba - were withdrawn and the land re-surveyed as small farm allotments available for purchase or rent-purchase. To secure his improvements on Murrumba, at the first sale of Redcliffe Agricultural Reserve land held in Brisbane in July 1862 Petrie purchased portion 23 (70 acres - the homestead block) and leased the adjacent portions 24 (40 acres), 25 (43 acres), 29 (62 acres) and 30 (49 acres), to which eventually the family obtained title. Each of these parcels fronted Yebri Creek to the north. The track to Humpybong (Redcliffe) and later to Gympie passed through portion 23.</p><br>
<p>By 1864 Petrie had constructed a more substantial timber homestead at the top of the broad hill above his original slab hut - likely reflecting his recently acquired security of tenure. An 1863 report on agricultural reserves noted that portion 23 contained a house and was cultivated and fenced.</p><br>
<p>At Murrumba, Tom and Elizabeth Petrie raised a family of six daughters and three sons. Tom&#39;s interest in and love of trees - whether for commercial, aesthetic, food or healing potential - was expressed in the numerous trees he planted at Murrumba, including Hoop, Kauri and Bunya pines. The Bunyas are thought to have come from the Maroochy area as seedlings, and the Hoops from Fraser Island as seeds. In a photograph dated /1915, showing the second North Pine River Railway Bridge under construction, four Bunya pines lining the entrance drive to Murrumba (off Gympie Road) are landmarks on the horizon. At this period the trees retained their distinctive conical shape. In a photograph dated, taken from the cemetery at Lawnton looking across the North Pine River Railway Bridge toward Petrie, the Bunya pines lining the entrance drive to Murrumba (off Anzac Avenue) remain noticeable on the horizon, but with the more rounded domes of very mature trees. Petrie is also thought to have planted macadamias at Murrumba in 1865. A grove of hoop pine behind the house reputedly was planted at the suggestion of Dalaipi (the present plantation appears to be re-growth from earlier plantings). The place became noted for its gardens with fruit trees (including an olive grove), flowers and vegetables.</p><br>
<p>Tom Petrie&#39;s occupation of Murrumba was the catalyst for further non-indigenous settlement of the North Pine district, which in the early years he facilitated by conciliating between new settlers and local Aboriginal people. In 1869 Cobb & Co opened a coach route from Brisbane to Gympie via the route Tom had helped mark out, and a staging post was established temporarily at Murrumba Homestead until Tom erected a hostelry on portion 29 (by 1870). This was later licensed as the North Pine Hotel. In the 1880s Petrie took advantage of the construction of the North Coast Railway through his property to subdivide part of portions 29 and 30 as the North Pine Township Terminus Estate, with 134 building allotments first offered for sale in April 1886. This became the nucleus of the township of North Pine (later renamed Petrie). Tom Petrie was active on a number of local government boards and his home was the focus of local social life.</p><br>
<p>By 1884 improvements on portion 23 comprised two dwelling houses, kitchen, stables, dairy, milking shed, and two huts; and by 1888 the family held 3,000 acres in the North Pine district, closely fenced and stocked with horses and cattle. Also by 1888 an "ornamental hedge" had been planted along the western side of Gympie Road, either side of the entrance gate to Murrumba. In 1893-1894 a second residential building was constructed close to the first Murrumba house and linked to it by steps. Also in the 1890s a commercial dairy (Yebri) was established on the eastern side of Gympie Road (later Anzac Avenue), facilitated by construction of the North Coast Railway through portion 23 in the late 1880s.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1900s Constance Petrie recorded and published her fathers memoirs as Tom Petries Reminiscences, a book which has remained a classic of Queensland history. Tom Petrie died at Murrumba on 26 August 1910 and in 1911 the North Pine Railway Station and Post Office were renamed Petrie in his memory. He was survived by his wife and two sons and five daughters of their nine children.</p><br>
<p>For the next 40 years Murrumba was occupied principally by Petrie women. Elizabeth Petrie remained there until her death in 1926, with her daughters Catherine Jessie Petrie (1863-1954) and Idella Morrison Petrie (1865-1943). Idella (Ida) remained at Murrumba all her life, and Catherine (Jessie) left. During this period little appears to have changed at Murrumba, either in the house or the garden. The place remained a centre of social activity and the gardens retained their reputation for plant and birdlife.</p><br>
<p>From Murrumba gate to the house there is a long avenue of waving bamboos, cool and inviting and in the garden there are stately pines, bunya and poinciana trees, rows of palms "magnificently old and gloriousy tall". When Sir William MacGregor, our onetime Governor, paid a visit to the old Petrie homestead he remarked what a joy it was to see so many fine trees...</p><br>
<p>In the early 1940s, the ornamental hedge along the street frontage was still a local landmark - "ten-foot hedges of duranta bushes that are well-known to all who use the Redcliffe Road"; these shrubs (Duranta repens) had delicate blue flowers followed by bright golden berries - and the grounds were still distinguished by the "great bamboos on either side of the drive", by "towering kauri and hoop pines" and by a giant weeping fig (Ficus benjamina) near the back of the house.</p><br>
<p>In 1937, 35 acres was subdivided from the homestead block and another parcel was sold in 1947. By 1950 Murrumba was the property of Miss Catherine Jessie Petrie and her brother Argyle (Guy) Petrie. In mid-1951 they sold the property to Archbishop James Duhig, on the understanding that the homestead be retained. Duhig in turn sold the property to the Presentation Sisters, whom he hoped would establish a training facility on the site. The buildings remained unoccupied for over 12 months until sold by the Sisters for removal in 1952 for £750. Funds to construct a new building were not forthcoming, and the site remained vacant until Our Lady of the Way Church and Primary School were established in the grounds in 1964. Many of the trees planted by the Petrie family survive, interspersed amongst the present school structures.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Murrumba Homestead Grounds are located within the precincts of Our Lady of the Way Primary School, situated near the top of a broad hill overlooking Anzac Avenue at Petrie.</p><br>
<p>Interpretive signage or plaques have been erected: at the site of the Murrumba homestead (established ) near the Armstrong Street car park; at the site of the former stables beside the approach to the car park, commemorating the association of Murrumba with Cobb & Co. as a changing station and accommodation house (established 1869); and at the hoop pine forest likely seeded from trees probably planted by Tom Petrie. The only visible remnant of the built structures associated with Murrumba Homestead is a section of early handmade brick paving that once was the floor of the bakehouse. A very large weeping fig tree (Ficus benjamina) stands close to this site, near the entrance to the school.</p><br>
<p>The extent of very mature trees still on the site, that have to have been associated with Tom Petrie&#39;s establishment and occupation of the site, is considerable. These include: Camphor laurel (Cinnamomum camphora); Kauri pines (Agathis robusta); Bunya pines (Araucaria bidwillii); and Hoop pines (Araucaria cunninghamii). Many of the trees, especially the Kauris along the southern boundary and the Bunyas near the former entrance drive off Anzac Avenue, have landmark value.</p><br>
<p>The Dalaipi Forest, a plantation of Hoop pines (Araucaria cunninghamii) thought to be later re-growth, is not part of the heritage listing. Similarly, none of the school and church structures erected from the 1960s is part of the heritage listing.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Murrumba Homestead Grounds were listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 16 February 2009 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The grounds of the former Murrumba Homestead, established in the 1860s, are important for their association with an unusual aspect of early pastoral settlement in Queensland. The taking up of Murrumba for grazing purposes in 1859, during a period of frontier conflict between the indigenous owners of the Pine Rivers district and pastoralists, was illustrative of a rare cordial relationship that existed between Tom Petrie, explorer and pastoralist, and the people of the North Pine clan, who suggested this place for the home of a man they had considered a friend since his childhood. This level of co-operation between European and indigenous peoples is unusual in the early history of Queensland, and the early surviving trees on the site are important markers of the results of this co-operation.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The former Murrumba Homestead Grounds retain some of the earliest private garden plantings in Queensland. The extent of the early surviving trees is substantial, and uncommon among Queensland homestead grounds of the nineteenth century. The early plantings include a weeping fig (Ficus benjamina), Hoop pines (Araucaria cunninghamii), Bunya pines (Araucaria bidwillii) and Kauri pines (Agathis robusta).</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Murrumba Homestead Grounds are important for their special association with early Queensland settler Tom Petrie, who was a member of the first free family to settle in Queensland; a friend to the Turrbal people and an important historical source of information about them; and a pioneer of the north coast district, marking roads that linked Pine Rivers to Brisbane, Gympie, Redcliffe and the North Coast. Tom Petrie, who made his living largely through timber extraction, maintained a strong interest in indigenous trees throughout his lifetime, and planted numerous Hoop (Araucaria cunninghamii), Bunya (Araucaria bidwillii) and Kauri (Agathis robusta) pines at Murrumba. Throughout the period of occupancy by the Petrie family the gardens at Murrumba Homestead were well-known throughout Southeast Queensland for their plants and bird-life, attracting many visitors (including Sir William Macgregor, Governor of Queensland from December 1909 to July 1914).</p><br>
<p>Strathpine Honour Board is a heritage-listed memorial at 1347 Anzac Avenue, Kallangur, Moreton Bay Region, Queensland, Australia. It was crafted in 1921 by Ernest Gunderson. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This honour board was designed by leading Brisbane metal worker, Ernest Gunderson in 1921. It was commissioned by the Strathpine Patriotic League and hung in the Pine Rivers Shire Hall until 1980 when it was moved to the local RSL club.</p><br>
<p>The board lists in alphabetical order the 76 names of local men who served in World War I. Some of the letters are missing and others were replaced in 1984 when a local, Fred Williams, refurbished the board.</p><br>
<p>Located near this honour board are other memorials to honour the districts service men. In 1985 the First World War Memorial Gates from the Lawnton Agricultural Show Grounds were relocated to Anzac Avenue and the area between the gates and club have been constructed as a memorial garden.</p><br>
<p>The Brisbane-based Gunderson firm manufactured cast bronze honour boards which were quite distinctive as the dark bronze background contrasted with the polished brass lettering and ornamentation. Gunderson&#39;s honour boards are unique to Queensland and few remain as intact as this example.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>This World War I Honour Board is wall mounted in the old foyer of the Pine Rivers RSL and Services Memorial Club.</p><br>
<p>The honour board is made of bronze on a marble background with timber edging. Predominantly rectangular in shape, the board has a panel to either top corner featuring a cavalryman with the Queensland state emblem and a soldier below. There are two enamelled flags at the top in the centre, the current Australian flag and the Union Jack, and on either side is the emblem of the AIF. At the bottom in the centre is a plastic replica of Brittania, with the words "For king and country", and in each of the bottom corners is a cannon.</p><br>
<p>The roll of honour features names on separate beaten plates screwed to the board with lettering beside indicating whether the person was killed in action, wounded, died of illness or returned home, many of which are missing. The lettering is in gold and the background is a dull brown metal finish. The board has a handcrafted quality but the figures appear to have been cast.</p><br>
<p>In the same foyer is a timber honour board for North Pine State School. It has two columns supporting a curved timber gable with a central carved wreath in relief. Names are listed in two vertical panels and all lettering is in gold.</p><br>
<p>There is also a cast metal plaque dedicated to the RSSAIAL featuring a crown with a sailor, soldier and airman in a centre circle. Also depicted are the Irish clover, Scotch thistle, English rose, Welsh leek and Australian wattle.</p><br>
<p>The foyer opens to the north to a memorial garden. There is a paved central path with a low brick structure and plaque with the words Lest we forget. Two brick side walls with plates bearing the names of deceased members and three plaques with the emblems of the RAN, the AIF and the RAAF. There is also a flagpole and four rocks with plaques commemorating the US Army presence in Pine Rivers, the Vietnam War, all wars and all those lost at sea. The gardens also contain two guns and World War I memorial gates.</p><br>
<p>The gates have painted carved stone gateposts with decorative wrought iron gates. The two central gates are larger and roll on wheels for opening. The posts are square in plan with carved stone capitals. The centre two are larger with carved wreaths at the top front, and all the posts have marble memorial plaques attached commemorating the Great War, World War II, Vietnam, Malaya, Borneo and Korea.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Strathpine Honour Board was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The honour board is evidence of a widespread social movement expressing the imperial loyalties of the period.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The honour board member of a class of commemorative structures erected as a record of the local impact of a major historical event and intended to endure.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The honour board has aesthetic quality and craftsmanship, while the memorial gates are recognised for their aesthetic quality and streetscape contribution.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The honour board is a rare example of the work of Brisbane craftsman Ernest Gunderson.</p><br>
<p>Acclimatisation Society gardens is a heritage-listed botanic garden at Bray Road, Lawnton, Moreton Bay Region, Queensland, Australia. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 8 May 2009.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The remnant pecan nut grove in the former Queensland Acclimatisation Society Gardens at Lawnton, a residential suburb north of Brisbane in the then Shire of Pine (later Shire of Pine Rivers and Moreton Bay Region), contain a number of mature trees which are all that remain of a dense grove planted by the society between 1915 and World War II. They are dispersed around Stephen Lawn Park and a number of adjacent, privately owned properties.</p><br>
<p>Acclimatisation in the nineteenth century was scientifically understood to mean the process by which animals and plants gradually adapt to climatic and environmental conditions different to those that prevailed in their original habitats. The interest in acclimatisation derived from early theories that the environment could bring about evolutionary change in species. In Australia, however, scientific theory was not a primary motivation and acclimatisation came to represent simply the exchange of plants and animals with other countries.</p><br>
<p>Acclimatisation societies were established in all of the Australian colonies in the mid to late 19th century. These societies formed part of an international network of other acclimatisation societies and botanical gardens, including Kew in the United Kingdom, which exchanged plants and animals. Imported fauna and flora was kept in the societies&#39; gardens and distributed to their subscribers and other interested parties. At times, exotic plants and animals were released into the wild.</p><br>
<p>From its inception in 1862 at the instigation of the Governor of Queensland, Sir George Bowen, the Queensland Acclimatisation Society focussed on contributing to the development of Queenslands fledgling agricultural industry. It imported plants that had commercial potential and conducted experiments to determine if they could be adapted to Queenslands tropical and sub-tropical climate. Plants researched included sugar cane, bananas, cotton, apples, pineapples, pasture grasses, maize, olives, mangoes, pecan nuts and macadamia nuts. Many of these became important agricultural crops in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The society fulfilled a supporting role to the sugar industry from 1863. In that year, the Queensland Acclimatisation Society began importing cane from Mauritius and New Caledonia and distributing it to growers. Until well into the 20th century, they continued researching into the crop, importing and distributing new varieties and experimenting with propagating cane from seed and artificially cross- fertilising canes. They produced a popular variety of sugar cane, Q813, which was known for its resistance to disease and was still in use as late as 1926.</p><br>
<p>Before the establishment of the Department of Agriculture, the society acted as a government advisory body on agricultural matters. Until at least 1888, it was dependent on government funding and regarded itself to all intents and purposes as a government institution. The society contributed to the establishment of the Queensland Herbarium, the Kamerunga State Nursery, and the Queensland Forestry Department.</p><br>
<p>Between 1914 and 1915, the society closed its first gardens at Bowen Park and moved its operational base to a 100-acre property on the south bank of the North Pine River at Lawnton. The society had begun to lose Government support after the establishment of the Department of Agriculture in 1887 and this, together with the expansion of the adjoining National Association grounds (the present Brisbane Exhibition Grounds), meant that Bowen Park was no longer viable. No buildings associated with the Queensland Acclimatisation Society remain extant at the Bowen Park site.</p><br>
<p>The Lawnton site already contained an old house (no longer extant) on the banks of the river. This was raised and repaired. In March 1915, tenders were requested for the construction of a new cottage (extant but altered) including a "roomy office" for storing the society&#39;s books and papers. A tender for £306 was accepted and the cottage was completed by August 1915. During the 1920s, further structures were built including propagating houses, a tool house and a fumigating plant. Between 1935 and 1936, ornamental trees were planted along the entrance driveway.</p><br>
<p>During some thirty years of operation at Lawnton, the society continued to assist Queenslands agricultural industry. In its research, the society worked with the Department of Agriculture and the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (now the CSIRO). Plants introduced and researched at Lawnton included cotton, castor oil plants, avocados, pecan nuts, citrus fruits, macadamia nuts, custard apples, mangoes, pineapples, soy beans and fodder canes. The society contributed to making avocados, pecan nuts and grape fruit commercially viable crops in Queensland. The Allsopp variety of avocado, named after the societys overseer, was developed at the Lawnton gardens. The Pecan Nut grove was located at the northern end of the gardens on the present Bray Road. It was still flourishing when the gardens were sold.</p><br>
<p>Pecan nuts are now a commercial crop in Australia with in excess of 100 growers in Queensland, New South Wales and Western Australia. It is difficult to establish a direct link between the Acclimatisation societys work on pecan nuts and the present commercial crop. The society was probably only one of many organisations and individuals who contributed to the commercial development of the crop. However, the pecan nut trees at Lawnton are the only pre-World War II Acclimatisation Society plantings, known to be extant, that are related to commercial crops. They are therefore important in illustrating the societys work in supporting Queensland&#39;s agricultural industries.</p><br>
<p>The society sold its Lawnton gardens between 1941 and 1942 and moved to a ten-acre property at Redcliffe. This move was prompted by land degradation at Lawnton. The land was subsequently operated as a dairy farm until its subdivision for residential purposes commenced in 1959.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Some 15 mature pecan trees (Carya sp) remain from the Acclimatisation Society plantings along the river flats of the North Pine River northeast of Bray Road, Lawnton. The pecan trees stand in Stephen Lawn Park and in the backyards of properties bounding the Park. Formed in distinct rows, six mature trees stand in the Park and a further nine trees stand in the backyards. There are a number of less mature trees scattered across the area that may have seeded from the original grove.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Remnants of former acclimatisation society gardens at Lawnton were listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 8 May 2009 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The remnants of the pecan nut grove at the former Queensland Acclimatisation Society Gardens at Lawnton are physical evidence of the process of adaptation by the non-indigenous settler society to Queenslands environment during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Acclimatisation societies experimented with adapting plants and animals from other countries to Australian conditions. The Queensland society focussed on finding and importing plants that could be adapted for use as commercial crops in Queenslands tropical and sub-tropical conditions.</p><br>
<p>The remnant grove is also evidence of an important aspect of the development of Queenslands agricultural industries. Through its work of adapting plants with commercial potential, the society made a notable contribution to these industries. As the only pre-World War II Acclimatisation Society plantings, known to be extant, that relate to commercial crops, the remnant grove is important in illustrating the societys early work in supporting Queensland&#39;s agricultural industries.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The pecan nut trees are among only a few known extant trees at the sites of the Queensland Acclimatisation Societys pre-World War II gardens. The main focus of the societys activities was economic botany. Pecan nuts are now a commercial crop in Queensland and the trees at Lawnton constitute the only known plantings related to the societys pre-World War II work in economic botany. Remnant vegetation at Bowen Park, the site of the societys earlier gardens, is ornamental in nature.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The remnant grove has a special association with the work of the Queensland Acclimatisation Society, an organisation that made a notable contribution to the development of Queensland&#39;s agricultural industries. The pecan nut grove was an important component of its Lawnton gardens between 1915 and 1941.</p><br>
<p>The Selectors Hut is a heritage-listed hut at 20 Upper Camp Mountain Road, Camp Mountain, Moreton Bay Region, Queensland, Australia. It is also known as Marks Hut. It was built by George Atthow. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 December 2007.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Selector&#39;s Hut, Camp Mountain, is a small single roomed cottage located in a rural setting near the township of Samford north of Brisbane. It is constructed of slab and sawn timber and was built by selector George Atthow.</p><br>
<p>Land settlement in rural Queensland began with a pastoral phase where squatters occupied large tracts of Crown land on which they ran sheep or cattle. Over time, the Crown surveyed these runs and enforced lease arrangements with the squatters. Closer settlement of rural land began in the 1860s, when the government enacted legislation to encourage small scale farming. Crown land began to be made available in small allotments for selection. The 1868 Crown Lands Alienation Act, enabled government to resume substantial portions of leasehold runs for this purpose.</p><br>
<p>Like most areas close to Brisbane, the Samford valley experienced a fairly short pastoral phase. The earliest known pastoralist to occupy the valley was Archibald Young. Young had probably already occupied the area when he applied to lease land in 1854. His lease became known as the Samford Run. Closer settlement commenced from March 1865 with the first sale of 49 farm allotments excised from the Samford Run. Initially, the farm allotments sold very slowly but the process accelerated after the passing of the 1868 Act. By 1871, there were about 71 people living in the area. The farmers grew small crops and operated dairies. A provisional school opened in 1872.</p><br>
<p>Grazier and entrepreneur, George Atthow (1828 - 1891), selected portions 42 to 45 in the Parish of Samford on 17 April 1869. It is likely that he built the extant cottage and some nearby cattle yards soon after. An alternative view has been put that the hut was built by surveyors. If this is true, the hut would have been built prior to selection of the land by Atthow. However, this is considered unlikely for two reasons: first, it is unlikely that surveyors would have built accommodation as substantial as the cottage and second, a Commissioner of Crown Lands report dated 1873 notes that the dwelling on the property was completed by the selector. Atthow grazed cattle on the property and on other land he later selected in the Samford and Albany Creek areas. A bailiff was living on the Samford block from January 1870. By 1875, Atthow himself was living there.</p><br>
<p>The cottage is typical of the relatively primitive dwellings built by selectors when they first occupied their land. Built largely of undressed timber slabs, it initially comprised two rooms and a front verandah. An 1875 Bailiff of Crown Lands report noted that it had a shingle roof. By 1887, a further two small rooms had been added under the verandah and, if the roof had originally been clad with shingles, these had been replaced by corrugated iron. It is possible that one of the new rooms was used as a consulting room by Dr Keighly Marks who occupied the cottage from 1887 to and practised medicine from there. It is believed that a pit close to the cottage may have been used for storing cream, milk and other perishables it may also have been used as a dump. The Duranta and Oleander located near the cottage may be relics of a 19th-century garden.</p><br>
<p>A number of changes have occurred to the cottage since this time. The cottage has lost one of the rooms under the verandah, internal walls, the rear skillion kitchen and chimney, and the living room chimney. The traces of Bulletin pages on the wall probably date from the interwar period. Stone flagging to one side of the hut supported a tank (no longer extant) that was installed during the same period. The remaining front verandah room was originally clad with horizontal boards. These were replaced by slabs during repairs carried out in 1976. At this time, slabs taken from old horse stalls and a collapsed hut located elsewhere in the area were used on repairs to the main part of the cottage. The slabs from the hut are broader that those from the horse stalls. A ship&#39;s tank near the cottage was placed there in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The original cattle yards (no longer extant) were noted in the 1873 survey report. A sketch map included with an 1875 report by the Crown Lands Bailiff indicates that they were north of the hut and further from the boundary than the existing yards. It is believed that the existing yards, just northwest of the hut, were built by the Marks family in the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>From 1877, the property was owned for short periods of time by various owners until 1887 when it was purchased by Charles Ferdinand Marks and it remained in Marks family ownership for well over a century becoming the nucleus of their "Cushleva" farm. Dr Keighly Marks lived in the cottage until. From this time it was let by the Marks family to various tenants until about 1945. The property was still in Marks family ownership at the death of Pat Marks in 2002.</p><br>
<p>The Marks family were prominent in Brisbanes medical and scientific communities. Charles Marks was a medical practitioner and politician, based at Wickham Terrace. He was a member of the Central Board of Health and the Queensland Medical Board. He was president of the latter organisation between 1910 and 1912. His son, Edward Oswald (Ted) Marks, was a geologist and ophthalmologist. Another son, Alexander Hammett Marks, was a distinguished medical practitioner and soldier. Ted Marks daughter, Pat Marks, was one of Australia&#39;s leading entomologists and malaria experts. Pat Marks took a close interest in the cottage. In recent years, the area around the cottage has experienced another phase of settlement as the Samford Valley has developed into a rural residential area.</p><br>
<p>Pat Marks will directed that the Marks property (including the selectors hut) should be used for "ecological purposes". Accordingly, the property was transferred to the Queensland University of Technology for the establishment of the Samford Ecological Research Facility to be used for teaching and research in environmental studies with particular emphasis on the impact of urban development on ecosystems.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former selectors hut at Camp Mountain is located on the west side of Upper Camp Mountain Road approximately one kilometre southwest from the intersection with Camp Mountain Road. It stands on a gentle ridge in an open grassed paddock to the west side of the road. The hut has expansive views to hills beyond particularly the DAguilar Range which acts as a picturesque backdrop when viewing the hut from easterly points.</p><br>
<p>A single room with a projecting alcove to the northeast corner, the hut is sheltered by a rectangular gable roof and has a skillion roofed verandah to the northeast. The hut is clad with vertical and horizontal hardwood slabs and partly lined with horizontal timber boards. Grass and soil obscure the perimeter of the hut but the vertical slabs appear to stand directly into the ground and attach to the perimeter roof beams. Some timber elements have markings and notches that may indicate a recycling of timber from elsewhere. The roofs are clad with corrugated iron sheeting.</p><br>
<p>The short end elevations are clad with vertical hardwood slabs and the gables are infilled with horizontal timber boards. On the northwest elevation, a gap left by an earlier brick chimney is concealed by wide vertical and horizontal slabs. At the opposite end of the hut, a corrugated iron sheet covers a rectangular window opening.</p><br>
<p>The long elevation to the rear (southwest) accommodates a rectangular opening cut into the slabs midway along the elevation. A hinged timber framed and boarded window is fitted to this opening.</p><br>
<p>The front of the alcove is clad with vertical timber slabs and a gap in the wall is patched with a sheet of corrugated iron. The northeast corner is strapped with wire. The wall to the verandah is clad with chamferboards and a timber framed and boarded door opens onto the verandah. The verandah roof is supported by round timber posts and the verandah has a grassed/dirt floor. The verandah elevation of the hut is clad with vertical hardwood slabs and a hinged timber door opens into the hut.</p><br>
<p>A large area of the interior of the hut is lined with horizontal timber boards which have remnants of newspaper adhering to them. The roof is unlined. The roof framing includes slender log beams and sawn timber members. The dirt floor has loose timber boards laid to the southeast end.</p><br>
<p>The immediate surrounds of the hut are secured by a fence constructed of timber posts threaded through with barbed wire with narrow metal pipe top rails.</p><br>
<p>There is stone flagging to the southeast side of the hut.</p><br>
<p>A tall eucalypt stands to the southwest of the hut and there are scattered clusters of trees and shrubs in the surrounding grassed paddock.</p><br>
<p>Timber stockyards stand to the northwest of the hut and a hollow in the slope to the north of the yards accommodates an earlier storage area.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The Selector&#39;s Hut was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 December 2007 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Selector&#39;s Hut, Camp Mountain, built in or earlier, illustrates an important phase of settlement that was occurring throughout the colony of Queensland at the time. From the 1860s, Crown land began to be divided into allotments and made available for selection in line with a government policy to encourage the growth of small scale farming. The Camp Mountain hut was built by a selector during the early stages of this process in the Samford Valley.</p><br>
<p>The storage pit and stockyards are important evidence of farming activities associated with the changing uses of the hut, the property and land use in the Samford since 1870.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The hut is a rare example of a 19th-century selector&#39;s dwelling and a good example of a slab hut. It is uncommon in southeast Queensland for its earliness. Its austerity, modest scale and construction techniques are important in demonstrating a way of life and a building type once common but now rare.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The hut is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a selector&#39;s timber slab dwelling of the 19th century. The design and construction techniques reflect the limited resources available when constructing a dwelling on a selected block during the initial stages of closer settlement. The hut is small in scale and simple in design. Timber elements are set directly into the ground and the hut is mostly clad with hardwood timber slabs.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Sited on a gentle ridge, surrounded by lightly wooded pasture with the backdrop of rolling hills including the D&#39;Aguilar Range, the humble slab hut in its picturesque setting evokes the sensibilities of a rustic idyll. Modern elements are minimised in many of the important view lines, and this is effective in conveying a sense of the early form and setting of the hut.</p><br>
<p>Morayfield Plantation is a heritage-listed ruins of a sugarcane plantation at 34 Nolan Drive, Morayfield, Moreton Bay Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in circa 1860s. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 May 2011.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1866, the Morayfield Plantation was established on the southern bank of the Caboolture River, approximately 40 kilometres north of Brisbane. The plantation was owned by George Raff, a former member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, prominent Brisbane businessman and supporter of the use of indentured South Sea Islander labour in the sugar industry. Cane was grown at Morayfield for the production of sugar, rum and molasses between 1866 and 1889. Raff employed many South Sea Islander labourers in the cane fields during this period. Cane cultivation (and all related production) ceased around 1885-6. Raff died in 1889, with the plantation eventually sold for conversion to dairying in 1901.</p><br>
<p>In 1861 the Cabulture Cotton Company was formed by a group of settlers including George Raff, William Hobbs, Shepherd Smith, Robert Douglas and John Bramston. Raff was a prominent business identity in mid to late 19th century Queensland and was very active in public affairs. Born in Morayshire, Scotland in 1815, he emigrated to Australia in 1839 arriving in Sydney aboard the Earl Durham. In the 1840s he worked in the pastoral industry and as a merchant before moving to Brisbane in 1851. In Brisbane he soon established George Raff & Co., a shipping company with wharves on the Brisbane River situated adjacent to Customs House. Raff also founded the Queensland Mercantile and Agency Co., and became a director of the Queensland Steam Navigation Company in 1861. He strongly believed in separation from New South Wales and was one of the 26 members of Sir Robert Herbert&#39;s first Queensland Parliament. In 1860 Raff was appointed as a member of the Board of Education. He handed in his resignation as Member of the Legislative Assembly to the speaker of parliament in April 1864. He was re-elected and served again from November 1865, including a period as minister without portfolio in the Herbert and later Macalister ministries until November 1866. He again resigned from parliament in June 1867, only to go on and unsuccessfully contest the seat of Moreton in 1870.</p><br>
<p>In June 1861, the founders of the Cabulture Cotton Company sailed in the Breadalbane to explore the shores and rivers of Moreton Bay with the intention of selecting land for the purpose of growing cotton. The land selected became Portions 10 and 26, Parish of Caboolture, County of Stanley. After three unsuccessful seasons growing cotton, the Cabulture Cotton Company put the property up for sale. George Raff purchased Portion 10 in 1866 for £1000. Raff purchased additional land immediately adjacent to Portion 10. Portions 24 and 25 to the east were purchased in April 1867, and Portion 26 to the west in May 1868. Raff named his new property "Morayfields", which was later referred to as Morayfield in the early 1870s. Raff switched primary production to sugar cane, but between 1865 and 1868, the plantation continued producing some cotton. In 1868 it was reported that 5 bales of "New Orleans" variety cotton were shipped from Morayfield Plantation to London.</p><br>
<p>By 1867 Raff&#39;s sugar cultivating, processing and distilling operations were well established. On 19 October of that year, the Brisbane Courier reported in detail the size and scope of his endeavours. Morayfield Plantation then consisted of 2,500 acres of land, the soil being described as "pretty deep" black alluvial, with cultivation on "one great plateau". The whole cultivation of sugar took up an area of 150 acres (60 acres more than on the adjacent Oaklands operation of Claudius Whish), and was chiefly of the "Bourbon" variety of cane. Living quarters were described as:</p><br>
<p>...consisting of a large mansion, managers house, house for married workmen and their families, laborers huts, stockyards, stables, sheds, carpenters shops, blacksmiths shop, stores, saw mill, and an innumerable number of other buildings</p><br>
<p>Additional housing for workers was also provided a little distance from the homestead complex.</p><br>
<p>A substantial sugar processing works is also described at this time. The works was situated about 200 yards from the river and close to a large reservoir. The main building measured "120 feet square, 20 feet to the eaves, with a pyramidal roof rather than steep". The works were centred around a 30-horse beam engine worked from a large "multitubular boiler, fitted with a patented injector".</p><br>
<p>A distillery was also operating by 1867. It was described as being situated on one side of the main sugar processing works building, and being of "Shears" patent, 600 gallons, with three rectifying or condensing boxes above the still head, producing a strong spirit by one operation.</p><br>
<p>In 1866, Raff constructed a 3 ft gauge private tramway to transport cane harvested from nearby fields to the mill, and sugar to the wharf. Cane was loaded by hand onto railway trucks, which held, on average 1 ton each. Two trucks formed a train. In October 1867, all hauling was performed by horse, though a small Aveling and Porter locomotive was in use in the saw mill. At that time, the railway was measured at ? mile in length from the fields to the sugar works, and described as "very well formed", on cross heavy logs, with longitudinal sleepers under the plates, and the gauge was three feet.</p><br>
<p>Another visit was made to the plantation one year later by John Dunmore Lang and published in the Brisbane Courier in 1868. He described the total land under cultivation as being 160 acres, though this could have been increased to 300 acres if desired. The majority of cane was still of the "Bourbon" variety though 60 acres of "Rattoon" cane (stems or shoots from the second years&#39; growth of a sugar cane plant) and an unknown quantity of "Ribbon" cane (a subtropical type of cane) was noted. Lang described the tramway as being "an eccentric elipse, traversing the whole plantation." The railway measured 2 miles in length, had cost £2,000 to build, but still relied on animal power. By 1870, the line was described as 2–3 miles in length and Raff had run his 8-ton locomotive engine over it. Raff is believed to be the first to use a locomotive driven tramway on a Queensland sugar plantation.</p><br>
<p>Lang notes the presence of South Sea Islander labourers at Morayfield Plantation in 1868. South Sea Islanders (also referred to as Kanakas at the time) made a major contribution to Queensland&#39;s early sugar industry, with between 55,000 and 62,000 individuals being brought here between 1863 and 1904 as indentured labourers usually bound to a three-year contract. George Raff was a prominent supporter of the use of an Islander labour force, as was his immediate neighbour at Oaklands, Claudius Buchanan Whish. Raff was considered one of the "masters" of the trade and a very large employer of Islander labour. He became prominent as one of the abettors of the system in his testimony before a Parliamentary Committee. Islanders provided cheap manual labour, but were also considered essential in a climate considered too harsh for white manual labourers. Most came from eighty islands in Melanesia, mainly those included in present-day Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands. The method of recruitment involved some instances of kidnap and deception, while the numbers of Islander people brought to Queensland by these illegal means is a matter for debate.</p><br>
<p>It is unclear how many Islanders were present at Morayfield Plantation or when Raff first employed them. Lang noted during his 1868 visit the presence of 65 Islanders speaking 5 different languages, working and living on the plantation. Other sources claim about 70 people in total employed on Morayfield Plantation in 1868, of which 15 to 20 were Islanders.</p><br>
<p>Lang provides descriptions of the contrasting European workers&#39; accommodation and that of the South Sea Islander labourers. The European workmen and their families were provided with "a row of comfortable brick cottages", while the Islander labourers were supplied with a large single timber structure with corrugated iron roof measuring "upwards of eighty feet by forty" and painted on the outside. Sleeping accommodation was described as consisting of</p><br>
<p>...a raised platform stretching along each side of the building, like the berths in the steerage of a ship, each of the inmates sleeping on his blanket on the boards, the fire for cooking their provisions being on the floor in the centre of the building, around which they congregate in the evening, after the labors of the day, as in their native isles.</p><br>
<p>One other description of the Islander accommodation was that is consisted of a "circular structure" located close to the river bank. By 1925 this structure was used by share farmers for housing and feeding young calves.</p><br>
<p>Lang also notes the presence of an additional brick building on the plantation, a "commodious wharf" on the river for landing or embarking goods and people, and a schoolhouse which doubled as a church. Lang described the conduct of a Presbyterian service at the schoolhouse, at which a number of the South Sea Islanders attended, were literate, and read a portion of scripture in their own language. These Islanders were described as being from the Island of Mare, the southern most island of the Loyalty Island Group (New Caledonia).</p><br>
<p>It was not uncommon for Islander labourers to abscond from their employers when conditions were poor. They were commonly provided with insufficient and poor quality food and inadequate clothing. This was particularly the case on those properties located in the more temperate areas of southern Queensland where the cooler temperatures in winter were completely foreign to many of the Islander labourers. In early 1869, eighteen men, originally from the New Hebrides (Vanuatu) and then employed at Morayfield Plantation, fled the plantation for Brisbane. Raff sought a court order in an attempt to force them back to work, which they refused. At their court appearance in January 1869, three Mare men by the names of Tarbucket (alias Kichelho), John Bull and Louis, claimed the reason they left was that Mr Raff was not providing them with enough food or "ki-ki". They also expressed the belief that their agreements had expired after one year, even though Raff explained that they had agreed to three year work agreements, and that they wanted to return to Mare. The court ruled in Raff&#39;s favour and forced the men to return to Morayfield.</p><br>
<p>Lang, however, reports that Raff treated his Islander labour force "well", paying them at the rate of 10 shillings a month with rations, and under engagements of 3 years. Each man received a pound of beef per day and worked until 6pm in the evening. Raff purchased much of this beef from the local area, particularly from the McConnels of Durundur station, near Woodford.</p><br>
<p>At the end of 1868, the Chief Inspector of Distilleries reported that the Morayfield Plantation had 190 acres of land under cultivation with cane, of which 60 acres had been crushed. The total amount of rum distilled since the commencement of operation in October 1867 was 18,431 gallons. The amount of sugar manufactured in 1868 was 100 tons, and molasses 12,000 gallons.</p><br>
<p>On 10 October 1869, Levi Walker, a labourer from Heap, near Bury in Lancashire, England, drowned in the Caboolture River. Walker arrived in Australia just 5 weeks earlier on 6 September 1869 aboard the Star Queen. No additional information on Levi Walker has been located and his grave is marked with a headstone erected on the southern bank of the Caboolture River.</p><br>
<p>Sugar cane cultivation and processing continued on Morayfield Plantation throughout the 1870s. In the 1870s, sugar was being regularly shipped from its wharf to Brisbane via small steamers such as the Tadorna Radjah and the Gneering, both owned by William Pettigrew. In 1877, it was reported that 60 acres of cane was present, about 40 acres under prairie grass, and the remainder of the estate (3,000 - 4,000 acres), in pasture for cattle and horses.</p><br>
<p>It is unclear, however, the amount of time Raff and his family actually spent on the plantation, as he maintained a separate residence in New Farm, Brisbane, called "Moray Bank".</p><br>
<p>During the 1870s, South Sea Islander workers were progressively returned to their home islands as their work agreement expired, and were replaced with others from different islands, including three boys from the Island of Sandwich. From 1884 the use of Islanders as labourers was progressively restricted through legislation, starting with an amendment to the Pacific Islanders Labourers Act 1880, which banned them from a range of work and constrained their employment to menial agricultural jobs. Concerns had been and were being voiced by humanitarian and church groups, as well as unions regarding the use and conditions of this labour force. Further legislation sought to end their employment entirely; however this was not finally achieved until after Federation with the Immigration Restriction Act 1901 and the Pacific Islander Labourers Act 1901, the latter of which required deportation of Islanders to begin after December 1906. Of the more than 9000 Islanders in Queensland in 1901, only 1654 were given permission to stay. The last deportation took place in July 1908.</p><br>
<p>The valuation register of 1880 noted a number of improvements to Morayfield Plantation though there is no indication as to where on the property such improvements were made. The improvements listed include a dwelling, mill house, two bonded stores, bone house, carpenters shop, cotton shed, stable, octagon building, Kanakas outhouse, bakery, managers dwellings, store, Kanakas house, eight cottages, hayshed, schoolhouse, kitchen and stables.</p><br>
<p>The Morayfield Plantation continued cultivating cane and producing rum until the mid-1880s. The Chief Inspector of Distilleries, in his annual report of 1885, noted that there was no work at the Morayfield Plantation distillery that year. The Inspector of Distilleries in Morayfield during 1887 reported a flood on the Caboolture River, but no damage to distillery. In August 1889 however, it was noted that the Morayfield distillery had closed and in May 1891 tenders were invited for the purchase and removal of the sugar mill.</p><br>
<p>George Raff died on 28 August 1889 at his "Moray Bank" home in New Farm. Ownership of the Morayfield Plantation transferred to three of his surviving sons - Alexander, Robert and Harry.</p><br>
<p>The land on which the Morayfield Plantation was built has changed ownership several times since Raff&#39;s death. Subsequent owners of the property used the land mainly for dairying purposes, including share farming. William Henry Jackson purchased the land from the Raff family and trustees in 1901. A 1903 description of the former plantation area states:"traces of the old sugar mill, Kanakas" huts, rum bonds and the miles of furrows and drains still show here and there and the great sheet of water known as "the Dam" still exists; but since the "sixties" the old place has seen so many changes that what may be termed relics of those way-back times only remain. By 1903, the property was divided into 19 paddocks, 6 of which were cultivated, with the rest used for dairy cattle. A dip had been built and 400 head of cattle (250 for dairying) were being grazed. A dairy shed was also erected on the site of the plantation-period horse stables, close to the Caboolture River. Associated dairying infrastructure was also installed, including a turbine steam engine and "de Laval" 150 gallon separator.</p><br>
<p>The property was sold again in 1909 to James Buchanan, in 1947 to William George Currant, to Douglas Ashe and James Rowe in 1948, and in 1951 the whole of Portion 10 was sold to Charles Thomas Williams.</p><br>
<p>In 1960, Portion 10 was again sold to the A.P.M. Forests Pty Ltd and a pine plantation established across the property. Much of the surviving infrastructure from the plantation period is believed to have been removed during that period of ownership. Some equipment, particularly several boilers dating from the plantation-period are allegedly still buried on the site. A.P.M. later sold the land and most of the pine was sold to a local mill or chipped on site. The land has since been sold to Northeast Business Park Pty Ltd for redevelopment as a commercial centre.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The boundaries of Lot 10 have remained intact since it was originally surveyed as Portion 10 in the 1860s. While use of the area has changed over time (cotton - sugar - dairying - pine plantation - proposed business park), the nature of these activities may have had limited impact on the integrity of the archaeological record. While the visible, above ground archaeological artefacts lack integrity as evidenced by their ruinous state, the soil profile of the former plantation area (i.e. deep alluvial soils) suggests that the area has potential to contain subsurface archaeological deposits with the possibility of some stratification, especially due to proximity to the Caboolture River, the low-lying nature of the surrounding lands, and a history of flooding. Soils closest to the river are generally sands and mud and areas close to the river generally have a deep alluvial soil profile, while those areas on higher ridgelines are likely to be shallower.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological remains which relate to Raffs occupation and use of the area are located in the northern portion of Lot 10, close to the Caboolture River and around the margin of a lagoon. While information on the full layout of the complex is incomplete, it is possible to identify several key elements from the results of previous field investigations and historical and aerial photograph interpretation, including the location of Raffs residence, exotic gardens and plantings, two wells, stores, stables, a fence line, the sawmill site, and part of the tramway formation.</p><br>
<p>A set of 13 steps (rendered stone base with later brick additions) and the remains of a brick and sandstone wall with patches of render still visible are found at approximately (MGA94 Zone 56) 499685E, 7001805N. These steps are associated with the Morayfield Plantation homestead. The site is approached from the south-west by an indistinct roadway at 499585E, 7001789N whose furthest extent is marked by a camphor laurel tree at 499485E, 7001737N. Unmarked and handmade bricks, sandstone pieces and blocks with render are scattered in the vicinity of the steps. A brick-lined well is also found behind the house site and connected by a brick-paved floor. Exotic plantings, including two groves of bamboo and two palm trees, evenly spaced to either side of the set of stairs, as well as bunya trees are located in the immediate vicinity.</p><br>
<p>A timber post and rail yard is located close to the Caboolture River and the north-east extent of the lagoon. The yard is likely related to the dairying activities on the property in the early 20th century. The site is known to have featured a tin and timber dairy building up to 1960. However the yard remains do overlie earlier structures. This is evidenced by the presence of a closely packed brick surface underneath cracked sections of concrete.</p><br>
<p>A second brick-lined well, filled with sediment, is located on the north-eastern side of the yards. It is not known when this well was constructed, but size and construction pattern are similar to the well located near the former Morayfield Plantation homestead. The well is also located in close proximity to the location of the former bond stores, stable, wharf and tramway which are known to have been constructed sometime before 1873.</p><br>
<p>Possible remains of the "commodious wharf" noted by Lang in 1868 are found above the waterline include a single large in situ timber post at 499893E, 7002031N and numerous metal artefacts, including horseshoes, circular collars, heavy straps and bolts) which are eroding out of the river bank at 499886E, 7002022N. Based on an 1873 historical photograph of this area and aerial photography, the wharf is thought to be located adjacent to these finds. Archaeological investigations at other historic wharf sites in Queensland and interstate have revealed rich archaeological deposits at such locations, even in the absence of structural remains above the waterline, and also significant archaeological deposits in maritime zones where dredging has occurred. There is therefore good potential for archaeological artefacts that were lost overboard or discarded from ships, or the wharf deck itself, to be situated in the vicinity of the former wharf area and within the riverbed out to the mid-channel of the Caboolture River.</p><br>
<p>The remains of a post and rail fence line cross the lagoon immediately east of the main house ruins. This fence line is also visible in the 1873 photograph and therefore is considered to be physical evidence of Raff&#39;s operations on the site. Adjacent to this is a vehicle access track located near the southeast extent of the lagoon. Handmade bricks and a rusting boiler (unknown make) which is located in the vicinity of the former sawmill site and tramway are located adjacent the track. A slightly raised and linear area immediately east of the track is interpreted as remnants of the tramway line that once ran from the mill to the wharf area. The area around the former sawmill site and this tramway formation is considered an area of high archaeological potential.</p><br>
<p>To the north and northeast of the former sawmill site in the vicinity of the cattle yards at 499892E, 7001981N and in a nearby small grove of bunya pines at 499955E, 702058N are two metal rails which may have formed part of the former tramway. Also concealed within the bunya pine grove is a rendered brick machinery foundation and a rusted metal tank - similar to a ship or steam engine&#39;s water tank, but also possibly an artefact relating to the early sugar manufacturing processes at the site. Nearby, a feature of unknown function is set into the ground and is partially filled with concrete, forming a bowl with a surrounding metal rim.</p><br>
<p>The lone grave of Levi Walker is located on the southern bank of the Caboolture River at 499218E, 7001824N. The headstone reads "Sacred to the memory of Levi Walker, son of James and Rachel Walker, who was drowned whilst bathing in the River Caboolture, October 10th 1869, in the 28th year of his age." While it is not impossible that additional graves exist on the property, no physical evidence of such graves survives though any unmarked graves would be of archaeological potential and importance.</p><br>
<p>Potential exists across the area for archaeological evidence associated with the Morayfield Plantation. It is reasonable to assume that archaeological potential also exists for evidence relating to Islander and white labourer accommodation, the remains of the sugar mill and distillery and additional tramway infrastructure.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Morayfield Plantation was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 May 2011 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The Morayfield Plantation is representative of one of the earliest developments in Queensland&#39;s influential sugar industry, dating from the earliest phase in southern Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The Morayfield Plantation contains important archaeological artefacts associated with George Raff&#39;s ownership of the property, beginning in 1866 until his death in 1889. George Raff was a prominent early citizen in Queensland who made a major contribution to the development of the sugar industry and notably used South Sea Islanders as indentured labourers.</p><br>
<p>Several artefacts and ruins have been located above ground and are considered important in-situ elements - i.e. remnant stairs, wells, handmade bricks, brick-paved floors, exotic plantings, structural foundations and remnant wall features. There exists potential for subsurface deposits of archaeological artefacts, especially additional building foundations, footings and domestic refuse, to be located in the locality of these above-ground elements. Any archaeological artefacts found at this place have potential to provide important information on key aspects of Queensland history, particularly the development of early sugar growing, cultivation, processing and distilling operations, and the role of South Sea Islander peoples in Queenslands sugar industry. The identification of domestic refuse has potential to provide important insights into the everyday lives of those people who lived and worked on the plantation; lives that are not well documented elsewhere. Archaeological investigations of such artefacts would help illustrate the differences in living conditions between Islanders and other labourers who worked in Queenslands early sugar industry.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological investigations at the place could provide important comparative material culture evidence about the processes, practices and techniques of early sugar production. Archaeological evidence may reveal important insights into methods that are undocumented and no longer practiced. Evidence of this nature has potential to provide an important insight into early sugar practice in southeast Queensland and provide rare comparative information for our understanding of other early sugar producing places, particularly the nearby Oaklands Sugar Mill remnants.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological investigations around the plantation wharf area and within the adjacent riverbed may reveal structural elements and archaeological artefacts relating to plantation operations, the working life of the wharf and the economic development of the region. Remains may consist of materials associated with the construction, repair and maintenance of the wharf itself. As objects were often deliberately or accidentally dropped from wharves during loading and unloading operations, archaeological artefacts relating to the shipping of cargo to and from the plantation and the greater Caboolture area have potential to survive submerged in the vicinity. The study of such archaeological artefacts may reveal important information on primary production in the area, consumption choices and patterns in material culture, distribution networks for goods coming to and going from the plantation, and the nutrition and diet of the people living on the plantation and in the broader region at the time.</p><br>
<p>Few places associated with early indentured labourers from the South Sea Islands have survived in Southern Queensland (see particularly Oaklands Sugar Mill at Morayfield and Ormiston House Estate in Ormiston, Redland City). The potential for archaeological artefacts associated with these labourers makes the Morayfield Plantation an important source of information about the use of indentured labour in Queensland and an important comparative place for the analysis of South Sea Islander heritage places found in Southern Queensland and across the state. Potential for archaeological artefacts belonging to plantation owners, managers, and the South Sea Islander labour force exists, enabling important research questions to be posited, particularly in relation to status and class, the use of power, control and resistance to that control, the exploitation and organisation of labour, and adaptation to new environments.</p><br>
<p>The Aroostook County Historical and Art Museum is located at 109 Main Street, in the White Memorial Building, in Houlton, Maine. The museum was founded in 1934, after the building, a handsome 1903 Colonial Revival house, was donated to the town by the White family. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Collection</h2><br>
<h2>Architecture and history</h2><br>
<p>The museum stands on the south side of Main Street, east of Houlton&#39;s downtown area, between Broadway and Kelleran Streets, and just east of Cary Library. It is a handsome two-story Colonial Revival structure, designed by Kendal, Taylor and Stevens of Boston, Massachusetts, and built in 1903. Its dominant feature is a two-story portico covering the center three bays of the five-bay facade. It is supported by four Tuscan columns, with matching pilasters on the wall, and has an entablature topped by a denticulated cornice. The main entrance has an elengant surround of pilasters supporting an entablatured lintel with consoles. The interior has retained its original period woodwork, which is dignified yet restrained.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1903 by Mrs. Mary Louise (Woodbury) MacIntyre, whose father, Eben Woodbury, had built three successive houses on this property, all of which were destroyed by fire (the most recent in the town&#39;s devastating 1902 fire). After her death in 1934, the house was purchased by the Whites, who donated it to the town for use as a museum. Initially the museum was housed on the upper floor, while town offices occupied the ground floor; the building now houses only the museum.</p><br>
<p>In the Roman period there was an important settlement  on the territory of the present-day village of Elewijt . It was located at the junction of a secondary road  with the major Roman road between Tongeren and Boulogne. In the early first century, a temporary military camp was built and not much later a village started to develop. At the end of the second century, the village was ravaged by Germanic tribes, after which it was slowly rebuilt with a completely different ground plan. The vicus continued to exist as a village until the late third century, but did not recover from a second heavy attack at the end of this period. The present-day village of Elewijt developed half a mile south of the center of the vicus and cannot be seen as its successor.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Elewijt was located on the major Roman road connecting the eastern city of Tongeren with the western city of Boulogne. Nearby vici were those of Tienen, Asse and Rumst.</p><br>
<p>North Pine Pumping Station is a heritage-listed pumping station at Lake Kurwongbah-Dayboro Road, Kurwongbah, Moreton Bay Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1956 to 1961 by K D Morris & Sons Pty Ltd. It is also known as Dayboro Road Pumping Station. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 January 2009.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The North Pine Pumping Station is located on Dayboro Road opposite Lake Kurwongbah dam near Petrie. It is an important component of the North Pine Water Supply scheme constructed in the late 1950s to supply water to the former Pine Rivers Shire, Redcliffe and the Amcor carton board mill at Petrie.</p><br>
<p>A scheme to supply water to the (then) townships of Strathpine, Lawnton, Petrie and Kallangur was first proposed in 1946. Water was to be obtained from Brisbane City Council via the South Pine River Bridge. However, before this proposal could be acted upon, Pine Shire Council (later Pine Rivers Shire Council) was approached by Australian Paper Manufacturers (APM) (now Amcor) and the Coordinator Generals Department who advised them of the future water needs of APMs planned carton board mill at Petrie. The cardboard making process requires large quantities of water and so an adequate water supply was a vital part of the required infrastructure for the mill.</p><br>
<p>Soon after the initial approach, APM presented the council with a proposal for a scheme supplying water from the North Pine River. In 1949, council undertook to proceed with this scheme and to act as the constructing authority. Acting on advice from the Local Government Department, council modified the scheme so that water could also be drawn from a dam on Sideling Creek if needed. In January 1953, the Queensalnd Government approved the scheme. By 1954, the planned scheme was expanded to also supply water to Redcliffe Town Council.</p><br>
<p>The APM mill at Petrie was the largest industrial undertaking in southern Queensland during the immediate post-war period and probably the largest individual industrial unit to be constructed by the private sector in Queensland to that date. It made an important contribution to the post-war development of Queensland&#39;s secondary industries. Prior to World War II, Queensland lacked secondary industries of any note and from the 1950s the Queensland government encouraged their growth. The State assisted APM to establish the mill and assisted with financing the water supply scheme by granting a 50% subsidy and helping with raising loans. In 2004, the Petrie Mill was the only coated carton board manufacturing plant in Australia, producing about thirty different carton board products and with production exceeding 140,000 tonnes per annum.</p><br>
<p>The agreement that ultimately formed the foundation of the project was signed by Pine Shire Council, Redcliffe Town Council and APM at a ceremony attended by the Queensland Premier on 29 June 1955. Under its terms, Pine Shire Council was to supply APM and Redcliffe Town Council with specified quantities of water at cost price for a period of 60 years.</p><br>
<p>Under the agreement, Pine Shire Council was responsible for constructing the scheme that consisted of three major components: the pumping station, a dam on Sideling Creek and a filtration works. The council&#39;s consulting engineers, John Wilson and Partners, designed and managed the project assisted by Scott and Furphy, consulting engineers of Melbourne.</p><br>
<p>The pumping station was the first major construction of the project. A sod turning ceremony was held at the pump house site on 18 February 1956 to mark the commencement of the project. The Queensland Treasurer, who officiated at the ceremony, noted that the pump house was the nucleus of the scheme.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the pump house by Brisbane firm KD Morris & Sons Pty Ltd reached completion in mid-1957. The pumps were installed by Alfred Snahall Anthon Pty Ltd. When built, the station housed two 100,000 gallons (454,609 litres) per hour and two 50,000 gallons (227,304.5 litres) per hour pumps together with ancillary equipment. Water could be drawn from the adjacent North Pine River or from the dam to be constructed nearby on Sideling Creek. Water was conveyed from the dam, later to be known as Lake Kurwongbah, via a tunnel containing a 30-inch (76.2 cm) main that passed under the Petrie to Dayboro Road. The station could also be configured to top up the dam by pumping water from the North Pine River. The pumping station cost around £86,000.</p><br>
<p>In its essential elements, the station building follows standard design principles for pump stations of the time. For cost and maintenance reasons, the pumps are located below the river level. This means that although the station presents as a single storey building from the road, the floor of the building, where the pumps are located, is over 20 metres below the entrance. The electrical control mechanisms and offices are above river flood levels on the same floor as the entrance.</p><br>
<p>The completed water supply scheme was officially opened by the Honourable Henry Winston Noble (State Minister for Health and Home Affairs) in April 1961, though it had first supplied water to the APM mill in 1957. When opened, it was Queensland&#39;s third largest water supply scheme outside of Brisbane; the cost of construction was around £1,000,000.</p><br>
<p>Subsequently to its construction, the pump station has undergone a number of changes. Externally, the roof tiles have been replaced. Inside the station, the pumps have been upgraded from single speed to variable speed units and the operation, originally manual, has been computerised.</p><br>
<p>The establishment of the mill and the construction of the water supply created a surge of development in the Pine Shire. By 1961, when the scheme was opened, the Pine Shire Mayor noted that houses were being built in the shire at the rate of one every two days and that property sales in the previous year had reached a record figure. The villages of the shire which had existed for decades as tiny rural settlements were beginning their transformation into urbanised outer suburbs of Greater Brisbane.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Tucked into a bend in Dayboro Road southwest of Lake Kurwongbah, the North Pine Pumping Station backs onto the North Pine River. From Dayboro Road the pumping station is seen as a discreet single-storey orange facebrick building sheltered by a tiled hip roof. This part of the building houses the control room.</p><br>
<p>The main components of the pumping operation are the river inlet, basement and chamber, and the control room. The operations are computer controlled allowing the station to function unmanned.</p><br>
<p>Arranged over two levels, the building is organised around a compact plan meeting its functional program of drawing water from the river and pumping it to the nearby water treatment plant or to Lake Kurwongbah dam. The building rises approximately 20 metres as a concrete shaft from its base on the riverbank to four tapered concrete beams supporting the concrete floor of the control room.</p><br>
<p>Approached across a concrete driveway from Dayboro Road, the building has two entrances - the main entrance which is defined by recessed brickwork is a timber door shielded by a decorative metal door and the other is a roller door defined by a projecting surround in darker brick. Lettering over the main entrance doorway identifies the building as "Pine Shire Council Pumping Station" and a plaque commemorating the turning of the sod ceremony is fixed between the main and roller door entrances. A bank of narrow louvres sits over the roller door. The long elevations contain five bays defined by plain projecting pilasters with a six-light frosted wire-glass steel framed window to the middle of each bay. The river elevation is divided into three bays by projecting pilasters with the end bays accommodating sets of windows matching those found on the long elevations. The window to the south bay accommodates a metal exhaust vent to the upper half. The sets of six-light windows have a fixed tilted lower middle light.</p><br>
<p>The entrance level contains a foyer, small office and control room. The foyer accommodates a timber shelf, cupboards and a hand basin and leads into the enclosed office with a built-in timber desk below a glazed window which allows surveillance of the control room. The concrete floor of the control room has six removable metal grates for access to the chamber and basement below. A portable tubular steel frame safety barrier sitting in the room is placed around the hole when a grate is removed. The control room accommodates a number of metal cabinets housing the computerised controls for the pumping plant. A gantry crane travels on rails along the length of the room. The gantry rails are carried by concrete beams supported by concrete columns with corbelled capitals. The interior is plastered and painted. Concrete steps from the control room descend down to the basement winding down along the inner northeast wall.</p><br>
<p>Evidence of the early manual operation of the station survives. The wheel handle valve controls are now gone but marks on the control room floor indicate the locations of their footings. The steel frame within the chamber accommodates the fixings for the shafts that ran down from the wheel handles to the pipes at the basement level. The original Kemp hydraulic controls machine now stands near the roller door. It once stood on the raised concrete pad at the river side of the control room. Associated with this is the lever control mounted on a small pedestal which stands in the middle of the control room. The lever control opened and shut the valves which when they were too tight had to be manipulated by hand. This hydraulic control mechanism is no longer operational. Dotted lines on the control room floor near the lever pedestal indicate that the river valves are to the southeast and the dam valves to the northwest. Three original pressure gauges are housed in a timber panel below the middle window on the northwest wall. These were connected to the pumps.</p><br>
<p>Below the control room a three to four storey volume chamber drops to the pumps, pipes, valves, drains, pits and motors housed at the basement level. There are six raw water variable speed pumps (these replaced the original four single speed pumps). The cantilevered concrete stairs winding down along the northeast wall of the chamber rest at a number of open metal grate gangways which run around the inner perimeter. The concrete stairs and metal gangways have tubular metal rails. The metal gangways, steel frame that housed the shafts, various conduits, conduit platforms, rising pipes and plant are contained within the chamber. There are two windows to the middle of the chamber wall on both the river and southwest sides just below the control room.</p><br>
<p>One flight down from the control room a door to the northwest opens onto external metal stairs which lead down to the river intake facility. The river intake facility is housed below the pumping station beneath a concrete platform at the edge of the river. Metal grille screens run across the inlet. A block and tackle is fitted to the hook on the steel frame at the end of the concrete platform to pull the screens up for cleaning. The intake draws water from the river and through the pumping station by a series of valve controlled pipes power by electric motors housed in the basement level from where it is pumped via two mains to the water treatment plant in Monaro Drive, Petrie or into the Lake Kurwongbah dam. Water is also pumped from the dam to the water treatment plant.</p><br>
<p>Additional pits, pipes and valves are located beneath the external metal stair and the front concrete driveway.</p><br>
<p>A small brick toilet block stands to the southeast of the station.</p><br>
<p>Wunderlich clay tiles in a Marseilles pattern which were removed from the station roof lie in piles behind the toilet.</p><br>
<p>The pumping station is set within grassed and treed paddocks. A barbed wire fence runs around the property.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>North Pine Pumping Station was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 January 2009 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The North Pine Pump Station (1957) formed an integral part of the infrastructure for Australian Paper Manufacturers (now Amcors) Cartonboard Mill at Petrie (1957). This was reported to be the largest industrial undertaking in southern Queensland during the post-war period. Prior to World War II, Queensland had few secondary industries; the pump station is important in demonstrating the post-war expansion of this sector of the State&#39;s economy.</p><br>
<p>The pump station was also part of the North Pine Water Supply Scheme, Pine (now Pine Rivers) Shires first water reticulation scheme and important infrastructure contributing to the growth of the shire in the 1950s and 1960s. As such, it is important in demonstrating the development of Brisbanes outer suburbs during the post-war period. The establishment of the mill and the water supply scheme in the late 1950s marked the beginning of the transformation of the small rural settlements of Pine Shire into commuter suburbs of the State&#39;s capital.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>A well-conceived utility structure, the North Pine Pumping Station is a small scale industrial building designed to accommodate the operations for water pumping. Although now computerised (no longer manually operated), the station retains much original plant and is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of this building type. In its essential elements, the station follows the standard design principles for pumping stations. It presents from the road as a single storey building with the bulk of the structure housed below. The intake pumps are located below river level and draw water into the mains for pumping through a series of pipes and valves to the water treatment plant. The basement contains the main plant for the pumping operations including pipes, valves, drains, pits and motors. The control room sits safely above flood level and houses the equipment that operates and monitors the plant. This room is connected to the basement by a chamber.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>In a grassed and treed setting overlooking the North Pine River and Lake Kurwongbah, this robust utility building designed in a discrete classical idiom is a picturesque treatment of a utility structure. From the river the building is a surprise, rising dramatically as a soaring concrete shaft.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The pump station formed part of important infrastructure for Australian Paper Manufacturers&#39; Mill. As such it has close association with the largest post war undertaking in Southern Queensland and a company that continues to be of national importance.</p><br>
<p>Lagoon Creek Pumping Station is a heritage-listed pumping station at Buckle Street, Caboolture, Moreton Bay Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1913 to 1947. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 January 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former railway water supply pumping station was built in 1913 on a waterhole on Lagoon Creek at Caboolture. It was the third pump site drawing water from this source to supply tanks at the Caboolture railway station replenishing the stock of steam locomotives. The facility was developed in stages from the opening of the North Coast railway line until 1947 and its use was discontinued in 1968 when the use of steam locomotives on the line ceased.</p><br>
<p>Progress throughout the world during the 19th century was facilitated by the development of industrial technologies, particularly those associated with the use of steam power. The introduction of a railway transport system that was able to move large quantities of goods and materials quickly, reliably and cheaply and could carry passengers and mail was a key component in the development of a modern economic and social structure. In Australia, the linking of resources with trade outlets over large distances and the reliable provision of goods and services to new settlements was a vital factor in the settlement of the country. At the time the only alternative form of transport to rail was horse or bullock dray. Proximity or otherwise to a railway line frequently dictated the success or failure of a budding township. The construction of the North Coast railway line to Caboolture was the catalyst for its growth and development as the principal centre of the district.</p><br>
<p>At the separation of Queensland from New South Wales in 1859, Queensland had no railway system and only one good road, which linked Brisbane and Ipswich. The first railway line was laid between Ipswich and Toowoomba between 1864 and 1867. Laying new lines was expensive because of the distances and difficult terrain involved so priority was given to lines that connected inland resources with ports. Queensland railways were at first a series of parallel lines rather than a network and urban centres along the coast were linked comparatively late and little by little. A line along the coast north of Brisbane was surveyed in 1882 and approved in 1884.</p><br>
<p>Those surveying a new railway line took into account terrain, soil type, the presence of existing settlements and resources and proximity to a suitable water supply. A good supply of clean water was necessary to supply steam locomotives. Water had to be replenished at 30-40 mile (48-64 km) intervals, a procedure which took about 10 minutes. Watering stops were established at intervals along the line. In urban areas the town water supply was used, but where one did not exist other suitable sources were identified.</p><br>
<p>The availability of a good and plentiful supply at Lagoon Creek was instrumental in the choice of Caboolture as a railway station. When the line was first surveyed, it was thought that Morayfield might be chosen as it was already a settlement of some size, but the water supply was unsuitable and on 19 April 1884 a water reserve of approximately 130 hectares on the north of Lagoon Creek was proclaimed. A pump house was built at the northern end of the Caboolture railyards to draw water from Lagoon Creek. A pipe was laid to a nearby waterhole and water was then pumped to elevated tanks in the main railway yard from which the locomotives were supplied. The section of railway between Northgate and Caboolture was opened in 1888 and the section to Gympie in 1891.</p><br>
<p>The boiler supplied to provide steam power for the pumps had originally been part of one of the earliest steam locomotives to operate in Queensland, an A10 class locomotive, which was made by Neilson & Co of Glasgow and imported in 1867. The boiler was removed from its locomotive in 1889 and adapted to drive the pump at Lagoon Creek. However, by 1902, the creeks in the Caboolture district had fallen dramatically, a result of the severe and widespread drought of the late 1890s and early 1900s. By June 1902, it was estimated that, with a weekly consumption of about 60,000 gallons, there was only about six or seven weeks supply remaining in the lagoon. The railway&#39;s Chief Engineer, William Pagan, proposed that the pipeline be extended to a larger lagoon further down the creek. To avoid the necessity of resuming land, the pipes were laid along streets to the new site at the termination of a street and a new pump house was built on the bank of the lagoon.</p><br>
<p>The boiler installed at the new site was a vertical Smith and Faulkner boiler that had been installed in July 1902 at the previous site and operated a Worthington pump. Considerable problems were experienced with this boiler and within a few months, the recycled A10 boiler had replaced it.</p><br>
<p>The lagoon was estimated to have an unfailing supply and the new site was in use by early 1903. Although the drought broke in 1903 so that the water supply increased, the demand for water also increased along with the volume of traffic on the line. The major regional centre of Rockhampton was then linked to Brisbane and branch lines were constructed, including the important Kilcoey branch line in 1913. As a result of the increased demand improvements were carried out at Lagoon Creek pumping station. A small concrete weir 300 metres downstream was constructed to increase the capacity of the lagoon. The pumping equipment was upgraded and the station relocated to the eastern side of the lagoon. New pipes were laid and a boiler from a B15 locomotive was installed at the site.</p><br>
<p>The old boiler at the previous site was sold to WF Suffolk on 14 November 1913. It was stripped of useful components but the shell was left on site. At some point it fell into the lagoon where it stayed until raised in 2000.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s 1.6 million litres of water were pumped weekly from the creek to supply railway locomotives. In 1939 electricity was supplied to the pumping station and electric pumps were installed, relegating the steam engine to a backup. In 1934 it had been planned to increase the height of the dam 18 inches (45 cm). This was done and wing walls built into the banks for support between 1943 and 1947.</p><br>
<p>Diesel trains began operating on main lines in Queensland from 1952 and did not need a water supply. In the 1950s and 1960s they gradually replaced steam trains and the last steam locomotive working on a regular basis in Queensland was decommissioned in 1969. By 1968, there were no steam engines on the North Coast line, so that the pumping station at Lagoon Creek was redundant. The station was closed and the pumping equipment removed in February 1968. The concrete slab and foundations of the pumping station remained, as did the weir. At the railway station the water tanks were removed and sold for scrap. The land containing the pumping station was sold to Caboolture Shire Council in 1984. Roads bound this land on the south and east and the lagoon on the west.</p><br>
<p>A non-profit community group, the Friends of Lagoon Creek, was formed in 1989 to work to preserve and protect Lagoon Creek and its eco- systems. The restoration and re-vegetation of the Lagoon Creek catchment is their primary objective and they are also working to conserve the pump station site, whose history they have researched. They removed the boiler from the creek in October 2000, it has had conservation work carried out on it and is currently held at Caboolture.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Lagoon Creek is a small watercourse in the Caboolture Shire. It begins at Moodlu and runs in an easterly direction through the north of Caboolture before entering Tea Tree Swamp on the eastern side of the Bruce Highway. It is an important part of the ecosystem within Caboolture Shire and provides a regular water flow into the Tea Tree Swamp Wetlands. The pump site is located approximately one kilometre north of the Caboolture CBD. It is situated at the end of Buckle Street and is shielded from the surrounding suburban development by mature vegetation.</p><br>
<p>The surviving built elements of the system comprise a concrete slab and foundations for the pumping station above the eastern bank of Lagoon Creek, associated iron pipes and a low concrete weir running from bank to bank some 300 metres downstream.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Lagoon Creek Pumping Station was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 January 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The presence of a pumping station at Lagoon Creek demonstrates the role played by the construction and operation of the North Coast railway line and its branches in the development of Caboolture. A reliable source of clean water was essential to supply locomotives in the days of steam power. That Lagoon Creek offered this was a major factor in the choice of Caboolture as a railway centre and of its continued importance in this role.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The weir and pumping station remains at Lagoon Creek are a rare surviving components of a water supply facility developed by Queensland Rail for the use of steam locomotives. A reliable water supply was ensured by the provision of tanks along the line using natural water sources where suitable water was available. The pumping station is evidence of the use of steam power, an early and important technology, in the development of Queensland&#39;s railway system.</p><br>
<p>Oaklands Sugar Mill is a heritage-listed remains of a former sugar cane mill at 68 Captain Whish Avenue, Morayfield, Moreton Bay Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1865. It is also known as Whish&#39;s Sugar Mill Remnants. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 18 September 2009.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Oaklands sugar mill operated between 1865 and 1872. The mill was built and operated by Claudius Buchanan Whish, the first sugar producer to market his produce in Queensland in commercial quantities. The mill was used to process the cane harvested from fields on his Oaklands property - much of the harvesting was performed by South Sea Islander labourers. The mill ceased production in 1872 as sugar yields were poor in the mild winter climate of southern Queensland and due to the competition of larger and better yielding plantations being established in the Maryborough and Mackay regions.</p><br>
<p>By 1836, sugar cane had reached southern Queensland and was being grown in small plots in the Moreton Bay Penal Settlement. Experimentation with sugar cane as a viable crop was also conducted between 1836 and 1847 by a number of enterprising citizens of the colony. Trials of suitable varieties were undertaken by John Buhot in the Brisbane&#39;s botanic gardens; BHS 1995:5; Blake 2003:36).</p><br>
<p>Sugar cultivation was pioneered in Queensland by Louis Hope who established a plantation at his Ormiston House Estate in 1862. Hope erected Queenslands first sugar crushing mill, supplied by Cook & Co. of Glasgow, on his Ormiston property on the banks of Hilliards Creek in 1864. The first commercially milled sugar in Queensland was produced there in September that year.</p><br>
<p>Caboolture was one of the first districts in Queensland where sugar was grown on a substantial scale. George Raff, a prominent Brisbane merchant and politician, began planting sugar at his Morayfield on the Caboolture River in 1864.ref name=Barter2009/&gt</p><br>
<p>One of the first to respond to the successes of Hope and Raff in growing sugar was Captain Claudius Buchanan Whish. Whish had served as an officer in the British army in India before deciding to begin a new career in Australia. After seeing Hopes and Raffs plantations in operation, Whish selected land on the southern banks of the Caboolture River. Whish named his property Oaklands and employed Buhot to provide advice on the planting of his estate.</p><br>
<p>In 1865, Whish took on John Raymond Trevilian as a business partner for his Oaklands operations. Whish required a large labour force to cultivate the cane in sufficient quantities to make the operation marketable and profitable. After consulting with his contemporaries in the sugar industry, Raff and Hope, Trevilian undertook a voyage to Melanesia to find suitable labourers. In December 1865, 33 South Sea Islander labourers were brought to Australia and arrived at Oaklands by bullock dray after disembarking on the North Pine River. Whish is reported to have paid up to £7 for each labourer. They were housed in the cotton house and fed milk and rice. Whish was therefore not only a pioneer in the sugar industry but also in the use of South Sea Islander labour only two years after the first group of Islanders had been brought to Australia by Robert Towns for his cotton plantation on the Logan River.</p><br>
<p>The introduction of Islander labour on Oaklands was an initial success. With a large amount of sugar being cultivated, Whish acquired capital to build a sugar mill on Oaklands in 1865. In 1866, he purchased a six-horsepower mill from Smellie & Co of Brisbane for his new mill and installed a Wetzel pan and centrifuge. A "single-flued boiler, mill, with three rollers" and a battery "set in brickworks, with plain brick top and skimmings channel therein", and a boiling-room and curing room were also on site. The sugar processing operations are also noted as being located in the "middle of the plantation, and at the top side of the present cultivation". Whish also obtained a distiller&#39;s licence for £25 so that he could produce rum from molasses.</p><br>
<p>The success of the sugar operations at Oaklands and the use of Islander labour is further highlighted by Whishs replacement in 1867 of the original 33 Islander labourers with another 50 for whom he paid £150 in advance. That same year, his homestead included a large house, managers residence, labourers cottages and huts. There was also a large store, blacksmiths shop, stables and carriage house, all arranged in "...a rather irregular manner".</p><br>
<p>By 1869 Whish had approximately 90 acres of cane under cultivation on Oaklands and another 26 acres on the shores of Moreton Bay. Further evidence of Whish&#39;s belief in his Islander labour force was his construction of a building to properly house them in 1871.</p><br>
<p>The early success on Oaklands however did not last. The climate was marginally too mild for the sugar plants to grow in the winter months. Moreover, the development of plantations further north around Maryborough and Mackay produced better yields and featured a shorter period of growth. As early as 1870, case rum and liqueurs made at Whish&#39;s distillery were being offered for sale at reduced prices. In an attempt to continue sugar operations at Oaklands, the idea of a limited liability company was considered. The capital proposed was £12,000 in shares of £10 each. However, by 1872, Oaklands ceased sugar production. In February 1872, much of the equipment and working plant from Oaklands was offered for sale. Much of the equipment was purchased by the Mackenzie brothers of Ingham and moved to their operations in the Herbert River district of north Queensland. The site of Oaklands was sold at auction in September 1873 and subsequently used for grazing and agriculture following the closure of the sugar mill until gazetted as an environmental reserve in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The archaeological features within Lot 600 on RP804608 are most likely associated with the former Oaklands Sugar Mill operations. They are located east of Captain Whish Avenue in a small park owned by the Moreton Bay Regional Council. This constitutes Lot 600 on RP804608 which has been verified as being part of the original property that Claudius Whish acquired as a co-tenant with John Raymond Trevilian in September 1865 and subsequently named "Oaklands". This is verifiable in the historical title for this parcel of land.</p><br>
<p>Ground surface visibility on the property is good. The site has a low fence of treated pine logs delineating the site. It is suspected that archaeological deposits may particularly extend further east of this fencing.</p><br>
<p>Substantial archaeological artefacts and features are evident on site, including in-situ bricks that may be the foundations for a substantial structure or foundations for milling and crushing machinery. Four substantial depressions can be identified, with significant brick remnants adjacent to each in low mound formations. The depressions are suggestive of rooms, compartments or in-ground tanks within a larger remnant subsurface structure. Visible bricks appear to be hand-made, with a narrow rectangular frog on one face. Exotic guava trees are also growing throughout the place.</p><br>
<p>The western extent of the place is considered the edge of the road reserve abutting Lot 600 on RP804608. The eastern extent of the remnants is unclear, but potentially extends beyond the limits of the pine log fencing. The site is abutted by modern houses to the north and south and additional elements of the sugar mill may have at one time been located in those areas. However any remnants located to the north and south are likely to have undergone disturbance due to the levelling of the lot and subsequent construction work. Based on the available evidence and low potential for these areas, the boundary for the sugar mill is considered as the northern and southern extents of Lot 600 on RP804608.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The remnants of the Oaklands Sugar Mill were listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 18 September 2009 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The remnants of the Oaklands Sugar Mill are physical evidence of the early agricultural history of the Caboolture region, and are representative of one of the earliest developments in Queensland&#39;s influential sugar industry. These remnants are evidence of one of the earliest endeavours to produce sugar on a commercial basis in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The remnants demonstrate attempts to develop primary industries in the Caboolture and north coast region. Though production was short-lived (1865—1872), the early successes at Oaklands influenced the expansion of the sugar industry into other centres of Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The remnants are associated with an important identity in the early development of the sugar industry in Queensland, Captain Claudius Buchanan Whish. Whish was one of the first sugar producers in Queensland to market commercial quantities of sugar and high quality rum. He was also to later become a member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly from 1870–72 and Surveyor of Roads.</p><br>
<p>The remnants are a rare and early surviving reminder of the use of South Sea Islander labour in southeast Queensland. South Sea Islander labourer was employed on Oaklands from 1865 only two years after Robert Towns first introduced their labour on his properties in Queensland. The Oaklands site dates from the early phase of South Sea Islander employment in the sugar industry and could provide important evidence about early practices and, in comparison with other sites, if and how those practices may have changed over time.</p><br>
<p>Oaklands has considerable potential to reveal information regarding the development of sugar production processes. The early era of sugar plantations was marked by the idiosyncratic introduction of new processes and techniques. Although initially successful, the venture at Oaklands was ultimately a failure and comparison of this site with other more successful sites may reveal important information about how producers attempted to adapt to varying environments, and ultimately, about how sugar production techniques in Queensland changed and evolved.</p><br>
<p>The place has high potential for additional archaeological artefacts. Though subdivision has occurred in the vicinity of the mill remnants, there is no evidence to suggest that Lot 600 on RP804608 has undergone any significant ground disturbance since the closure and dismantling of the mill. A number of in-situ bricks, mound features and depressions on the property are suggestive of substantial structural foundations concealed in shallow to medium depth deposits just below the current land surface.</p><br>
<p>Little documentary evidence is available that relates to the sugar processing operations on Whish&#39;s Oaklands property, other than reports on levels of production and sale. Analysis of available documentary sources combined with further archaeological investigations of the remnants has potential to answer important research questions relating to early sugar processing techniques and technologies and the working conditions experienced by South Sea Islander labourers working on Queensland sugar plantations. Archaeological investigations of the remnants may also reveal new and important information about the Oaklands Mill layout and may provide evidence on the location of other mill and plantation infrastructure not discernible from documentary sources alone.</p><br>
